Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

CHAPTER 01: Introduction

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Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

• The word “behavior” refers to any activity of an organism that can be _____.
• observed
• visualized
• precisely measured
• Both a and b are correct.

• According to the text, learning is a(n) _____ in behavior that results from some type of experience.
• temporary change
• permanent change
• relatively permanent change
• irreversible change

• Classical conditioning is to _____ behavior as operant conditioning is to ______ behavior.
• novel; involuntary
• reflexive; voluntary
• reflexive; novel
• voluntary; reflexive

• If your friend smiles after you give her a compliment, you are more likely to compliment her in the future. Which of the following

types of conditioning does this example illustrate?

• Classical conditioning
• Cognitive learning
• Observational learning
• Operant conditioning

• A student studying hard to win a medal is to _____ conditioning as salivating in response to food is to _____ conditioning.
• operant; classical
• classical; operant
• cognitive; classical
• cognitive; operant

• Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
• A student being punctual because he has been praised before for his punctuality
• An infant throwing tantrums as this helps her get her parents’ attention
• A dog learning to perform some tricks in order to get food from its master
• rat learning to jump in response to a clap that was previously accompanied by a shock

7. In operant conditioning, behaviors are:

• reflexive or involuntary.
• elicited by external stimulations.
• controlled by their consequences.
• largely innate.

(Introduction to Learning and Behavior, 5e Russell Powell, Lynne Honey, Diane Symbaluk) (Test Bank, Answer at the end of each Chapter) 1 / 4

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CHAPTER 01: Introduction

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• Aristotle was a(n) _____, while Plato was a(n) _____.
• empiricist; nativist
• structuralist; functionalist
• functionalist; structuralist
• nativist; empiricist

• Jason believes that great scientists are born and not made, while Allison believes that great scientists have simply been given

superior training. Jason is best described as a(n) _____, while Allison is best described as a(n) _____.

• functionalist; structuralist
• empiricist; nativist
• structuralist; functionalist
• nativist; empiricist

• Joseph once witnessed an accident in which a car had plowed into a big oak tree. Now, each time he drives by that tree, he is

reminded of the accident. Joseph’s behavior illustrates Aristotle’s law of _____.

• frequency
• contrast
• contiguity
• similarity

• As I look at the spotlight, I am reminded of the sun. This example illustrates Aristotle’s law of _____.
• contiguity
• contrast
• proximity
• similarity

• Seeing someone who is very old makes me wonder what he or she looked like as a young person. This example illustrates

Aristotle’s law of _____.

• frequency
• contrast
• contiguity
• similarity

• As I look at my messy apartment, I am reminded of my friend’s neat and organized apartment. This is best described as an

example of Aristotle’s law of _____.

• contiguity
• contrast
• proximity
• similarity

• When Trish saw a lush green forest, it reminded her of the desert that she had visited last year. This example illustrates Aristotle’s

law of _____.

• contiguity
• similarity
• contrast 2 / 4

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CHAPTER 01: Introduction

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• frequency

• Samantha’s neighbor Amir mows his lawn every Sunday. Samantha is so used to the sound of his lawn mower that she imagines

the sound even on those Sundays when Amir does not mow his lawn. In this scenario, Samantha’s behavior illustrates Aristotle’s law of _____.

• contrast
• contingency
• frequency
• proximity

• We easily associate birds with trees and tires with cars. This example illustrates Aristotle’s law of _____.
• contiguity
• contingency
• proximity
• similarity

• Aristotle’s laws of _____ and _____ are still considered important aspects of learning.
• contiguity; proximity
• frequency; similarity
• contrast; contingency
• frequency; contiguity

• Who among the following philosophers suggested that at least some types of behaviors are mechanistic and can therefore be

scientifically investigated?

• Aristotle
• Descartes
• John Locke
• William James

19. Descartes believed that the behavior of nonhuman animals is:

• entirely operant
• entirely reflexive.
• freely chosen.
• partially reflexive.

• “I am able to control only some of my behaviors.” This statement best exemplifies _____ theory of human behavior.
• Descartes’
• Plato’s
• John Locke’s
• Edward B. Titchener’s

• The statement “A person is both a physical being and a spiritual being” agrees with the approach to psychology proposed by

_____.

• Aristotle
• John Locke 3 / 4

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• Descartes
• B.F. Skinner

• Who among the following philosophers strongly believed that there is a fundamental difference between humans and animals?
• B. F. Skinner
• René Descartes
• William James
• Clark Hull

• An individual who believes that humans and animals are fundamentally different would most likely agree with the views of

_____.

• Clark Hull
• Ivan Pavlov
• René Descartes
• B. F. Skinner

• Who among the following strongly promoted the notion that almost all knowledge is a function of experience?
• René Descartes
• The British empiricists
• Plato
• All of these are correct.

• The British empiricists promoted the notion that almost all knowledge is a function of _____.
• heredity
• reflection
• experience
• divine intervention

• The notion of “tabula rasa” was proposed by _____.
• Edward Titchener
• John Lock
• René Descartes
• B. F. Skinner

• Who among the following philosophers put forward the notion that a newborn’s mind is a blank slate?
• Edward Titchener
• B. F. Skinner
• René Descartes
• John Locke

• The statement “All that we are is a function of what we have experienced” illustrates the approach to psychology advocated by

_____.

• British empiricists
• structuralists
• cognitive behaviorists
• / 4