INSTRUCTOR MANUAL - THIRTEENTH EDITION Bill D. Richards North Idaho...

INSTRUCTOR MANUAL

Essentials of Geology

THIRTEENTH EDITION

Bill D. Richards North Idaho College NOTE: For the Complete File, Download the link at the end of this File) 1 / 4

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Lutgens EOG13e IRM 1 Chapter 1 An Introduction to Geology An Introduction to Geology first provides a description of the science of geology including the two broad areas of physical geology and historical geology. This is followed by an explanation of the development of geology as a modern science with an explanation of uniformitarianism and an introduction to the magnitude of geologic time. Following a presentation of the nature of scientific inquiry and explanations of Earth’s physical spheres relative to understanding Earth as a system is a presentation of the nebular hypothesis. This is followed by an outline of Earth’s internal structure and the concept of the rock cycle. Lastly, the chapter presents the major features of Earth’s surface as they occur in the ocean basins and on the continents.

CHAPTER OUTLINE

1. Geology: The Science of Earth

• Physical and Historical Geology
• Geology, People, and the Environment
• The Development of Geology
• Catastrophism
• The Birth of Modern Geology
• Geology Today
• The Magnitude of Geologic Time
• The Nature of Scientific Inquiry
• Hypothesis
• Theory
• Scientific Methods
• Plate Tectonics and Scientific Inquiry
• Earth as a System
• Earth’s Spheres
• Hydrosphere
• Atmosphere
• Biosphere
• Geosphere
• Earth System Science
• The Earth System
• Origin and Early Evolution of Earth
• Origin of Planet Earth
• The Universe Begins

ii. The Solar System Forms iii. The Inner Planets Form iv. The Outer Planets Develop

• Formation of Earth’s Layered Structure
• Chemical Differentiation and Earth’s Layers

ii. An Atmosphere Develops iii. Continents and Ocean Basins Evolve 2 / 4

Lutgens EOG13e IRM Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 2

• Earth’s Internal Structure
• Earth’s Crust
• Earth’s Mantle
• The Upper Mantle

ii. The Lower Mantle

• Earth’s Core
• Rocks and the Rock Cycle
• The Basic Cycle
• Alternative Paths
• The Face of Earth
• Major Features of the Ocean Floor
• Continental Margin

ii. Deep-Ocean Basins iii. Oceanic Ridges

• Major Features of the Continents
• Mountain Belts

ii. The Stable Interior

FOCUS ON CONCEPTS

Each statement represents the primary learning objective for the corresponding major heading within

the chapter. After you complete the chapter, you should be able to:

1.1 Distinguish between physical and historical geology and describe the connections between people and geology.

1.2 Summarize early and modern views on how change occurs on Earth and relate them to the prevailing ideas about the age of Earth.

1.3 Discuss the nature of scientific inquiry, including the construction of hypotheses and the development of theories.

1.4 List and describe Earth’s four major spheres. Define system and explain why Earth is considered a system.

1.5 Outline the stages in the formation of our solar system.

1.6 Describe Earth’s internal structure.

1.7 Sketch, label, and explain the rock cycle.

1.8 List and describe the major features of the continents and ocean basins.

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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Lutgens EOG13e IRM 3

TEACHING STRATEGIES

The first chapter of the book is a good time to discuss what a geologist does, and introduce the science of geology including why it is different from other sciences. The following article, by Sarah Andrews, contains a discussion of the uniqueness of geology among the sciences.• "Why Study Geology?”: http://www.geotimes.org/apr00/student.html

“Muddiest Points” – “Points for Clarification” • Geologic time is often difficult to fully appreciate for introductory students. While most are able to learn the names and order of the components on the geologic calendar, grasping the vastness of geologic time is more difficult.• Many students take an introductory geoscience course because it is NOT chemistry, biology, or another science. It is important to get students to think of geology as operating within the same fundamental realm of scientific inquiry as other sciences. This includes laying out the scientific inquiry process that operates within all sciences, including geology, as outlined in Figure 1.9.• To many introductory students, the internal structure of the earth may be as foreign a concept as the outer reaches of the solar system. There are numerous myths and false beliefs that students will have about the internal structure of the earth. Be prepared with additional information from other chapters, such as Chapter 9, to provide information on HOW we substantiate our theories regarding the structure and composition of Earth’s interior.

Teaching Tips 1.2 To help students appreciate how James Hutton was persuasive in his arguments that small forces, over long spans of time, can produce geologic effects, it can be helpful to bring in a little information about the state of education in post-Reformation and early Enlightenment Scotland, where Hutton lived and studied. This period of time in Scotland included an acceptance of challenges to ideas in all areas of study without fear of societal banishment.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_early_modern_Scotland#Reformation_of_universities

Helping students visualize the magnitude of the geologic time by converting the history of Earth into other scales, such as in SmartFigure 1.7, is a good tool for increasing their understanding and appreciation for the vastness of geologic time. Another conversion that is visual and somewhat kinesthetic, is to convert the time scale to the length of a soccer field and actually measure the distances out on the field itself. When students stand on one end of the soccer field and see that the last 1 million years of Earth’s history is only about two centimeters, just under one inch, of the entire 100 meter field, they can sometimes be moved from thinking a million years is impossibly long to thinking that a million years is “a blink of an eye” in the history of the Earth.

1.6 Students benefit from some explanation of how the structure of Earth’s interior is determined by analyzing seismic waves. Though a protracted explanation should be postponed until Chapter 9, one simple demonstration of how seismic waves move using the classic “slinky” demonstration is appropriate (see Figure 9.10).

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