INSTRUCTOR RESOURCE MANUAL

INSTRUCTOR RESOURCE MANUAL

Essentials of Oceanography

Twelfth Edition

Trujillo • Thurman 1 / 4

1 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 1 Introduction to Planet “Earth”

Overview

Chapter 1 is an introduction to Earth and its oceans, including a discussion of the history of ocean exploration. The scientific method is presented in this chapter so that students will have a framework for understanding the nature of scientific inquiry. Theories that describe the origin of the solar system, Earth, the atmosphere, and the oceans are presented in addition to a discussion of the origin of life on Earth. The chapter is completed with a presentation of the geologic time scale and radiometric age dating.

Essential Concepts

1.1 Compare the characteristics of Earth’s oceans.

1.2 Discuss how early exploration of the oceans was achieved.

1.3 Explain why oceanography is considered an interdisciplinary science.

1.4 Describe the nature of scientific inquiry.

1.5 Explain how Earth and the solar system formed.

1.6 Explain how Earth’s atmosphere and oceans formed.

1.7 Discuss why life is thought to have originated in the oceans.

1.8 Demonstrate an understanding of how old Earth is.

Chapter Outline

1.1 How Are Earth’s Oceans Unique?

1.1.1 Earth’s Amazing Oceans

Squidtoons: How does the manta ray feed?

1.1.2 How Many Oceans Exist on Earth?

1.1.3 The Four Principal Oceans, Plus One

SmartFigure 1.2: Earth’s oceans

1.1.3.1 Pacific Ocean 1.1.3.2 Atlantic Ocean 1.1.3.3 Indian Ocean 1.1.3.4 Arctic Ocean 1.1.3.5 Southern Ocean, or Antarctic Ocean

Web Animation: Earth’s Water and the Hydrologic Cycle

1.1.4 Oceans versus Seas

1.1.4.1 Comparing the Oceans to the Continents 1.2 How Was Early Exploration of the Oceans Achieved?

1.2.1 Early History

1.2.1.1 Pacific Navigators Diving Deeper 1.1 Historical Feature How do sailors know where they are at sea? From stick charts to satellites 2 / 4

2 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.2.1.2 European Navigators

1.2.2 The Middle Ages

1.2.3 The Age of Discovery in Europe

1.2.4 The Beginning of Voyaging for Science

1.2.5 History of Oceanography . . . To Be Continued

1.3 What Is Oceanography?

1.4 What Is the Nature of Scientific Inquiry?

1.4.1 Observations

1.4.2 Hypothesis

SmartFigure 1.15: The scientific method

1.4.3 Testing

1.4.4 Theory

1.4.5 Theories and the Truth

1.5 How Were Earth and the Solar System Formed?

1.5.1 The Nebular Hypothesis

1.5.2 Proto-Earth

SmartFigure 1.19: The nebular hypothesis of solar system formation

Web Animation: The Nebular Hypothesis of Solar System Formation

1.5.3 Density and Density Stratification

1.5.4 Earth’s Internal Structure

SmartFigure 1.21: Comparison of Earth’s chemical composition and physical

properties 1.5.4.1 Chemical Composition versus Physical Properties 1.5.4.2 Chemical Composition 1.5.4.3 Physical Properties

Web Animation: How Seismic Waves Reveal Earth’s Internal Layers

1.5.5 Near the Surface

1.5.5.1 Lithosphere 1.5.5.2 Oceanic versus Continental Crust 1.5.5.3 Asthenosphere

1.5.6 Isostatic Adjustment

SmartTable 1.1 Comparing oceanic and continental crust

Web Animation: Isostatic Adjustment

1.6 How Were Earth’s Atmosphere and Oceans Formed?

1.6.1 Origin of Earth’s Atmosphere

1.6.2 Origin of Earth’s Oceans

Web Animation: Formation of Earth’s Oceans

1.6.2.1 The Development of Ocean Salinity 1.7 Did Life Begin in the Oceans?

1.7.1 The Importance of Oxygen to Life

1.7.2 Stanley Miller’s Experiment

1.7.3 Evolution and Natural Selection

1.7.4 Plants and Animals Evolve

Diving Deeper 1.2 Historical Feature

The voyage of HMS Beagle: How it shaped Charles Darwin’s thinking about the

theory of evolution 3 / 4

3 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.7.4.1 Photosynthesis and Respiration

SmartFigure 1.27: Photosynthesis and respiration are cyclic and complimentary

processes that are fundamental to life on Earth 1.7.4.2 The Great Oxidation Event/Oxygen Crisis 1.7.4.3 Changes to Earth’s Atmosphere 1.8 How Old Is Earth?

1.8.1 Radiometric Age Dating

1.8.2 The Geologic Time Scale

Web Animation: Radioactive Decay

Essential Concepts Review

Learning Outcomes

Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to:

1. Describe the principal oceans of Earth, including the following:

• location
• relative size
• land forms that border the ocean

• Name the deepest ocean trench and describe its exploration by humans.

3. Discuss early ocean exploration and include the contributions of:

• early Pacific islanders (4000

B.C.–900 A.D.)

• the Kon Tiki voyage
• Phoenicians
• Greeks
• Romans

• Describe the contributions to oceanic exploration during the Middle Ages and the Ming Dynasty,

including the:

• Arabs
• Vikings
• Ming Dynasty (1405–1433)

• Elaborate on the contributions to oceanic exploration made by European explorers during the

Renaissance (Age of Discovery), including:

• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Vasco da Gama
• Christopher Columbus
• John Cabot
• Vasco Nùñez de Balboa
• Ferdinand Magellan
• Juan Sebastian del Caño

• Discuss the contributions of James Cook to early ocean science.

• List and describe the systematic steps of the scientific method.
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