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i Instructor’s Manual for Criminal Investigation Third Edition Michael D. Lyman 1 / 4
iii 1 14 Contents
Chapter 1: Foundations of Criminal Investigation
Chapter 2: The Crime Scene: Field Notes, Documenting, and Reporting
Chapter 3: Processing the Crime Scene 28
Chapter 4: Identifying Criminal Suspects: Field and Laboratory Processes 40 53 69 82 95 107 119 129 139 150 166 181 191
Chapter 5: Legal Issues in Criminal Investigation
Chapter 6: Interviews and Interrogations
Chapter 7: Criminal Intelligence and Surveillance Operations
Chapter 8: Informant Management and Undercover Operations
Chapter 9: Death Investigations
Chapter 10: Robbery
Chapter 11: Assault and
Related Offenses
Chapter 12: Missing and Abducted Persons
Chapter 13: Crimes against Children: Child Abuse and Child Fatalities
Chapter 14: Theft-Related Offenses
Chapter 15: Arson and Bombings
Chapter 16: Terrorism and National Security Crimes 2 / 4
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Chapter 1
Foundations of Criminal Investigations
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
The beginning of this chapter focuses on the history of criminal investigation. It initially recognizes that criminal investigation began in England and briefly reviews the beginnings if policing by the Bow Street Runners of the Henry Fielding during the 1750’s to Sir Robert Peel’s first paid police officers known as the “bobbies.” After establishing the history of policing and criminal investigation in England it moves to the United States and discusses the history of criminal investigation in the United States. The first police departments in America were Boston in 1837, New York in 1844, and Philadelphia in
- Federal Initiatives for criminal investigators began in 1865 with the creation of the United
States Secret Service used to the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) was created in 1973 from the Federal Bureau of Narcotics.The next section discusses the evolution of research and science in forensic science. It reviews concepts such as serology and forensic pathology. The chapter moves forward covering criminal investigations. It talks of the RAND and PERF studies of the early 1970’s and their effect on police departments. Both of these studies make recommendations for police from first arrival on scene of a crime to investigation past that point.The next piece of the chapter reviewed is the objectives of criminal investigation. It discusses what the purposes of police response to crime as well as how to look for evidence at crime scenes. It further speaks of the using technological advances in evidence collection.Then the chapter talks about reasoning. This reasoning section reviews inductive and deductive reasoning when looking at a crime scene. It takes it further to the concept of abduction when using reasoning to determine criminal activity The chapter then takes a focus on the emergence of the police specialist at crime scenes, types of investigations, crime scene investigators, and the modes of investigation. These are all important discussions as to response to crime scenes, who should investigate, and how.The role of the criminal investigator becomes the next subject of discussion and it speaks about good characteristics of an investigator. It goes further looking at how patrol officers can make an impact at a crime scene not only as a first investigator but also how his/her role can expedite solving the crime.Solvability factors are the next subject. This section reviews the identification of leads in a crime as well as the reporting system and how this could lead to better ways of finding the criminal.The chapter then moves to the preliminary investigation to determine criminal activity.Witnesses and physical evidence is pointed out as pivotal to the investigation. This section goes further discussing investigative steps at crime scenes, witness statements, and how this can lead to an arrest.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 3 / 4
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- The History of Criminal Investigations
- The Evolution in Research and Science in Forensic Science
- Criminal Investigation Research
- The Objectives of Criminal Investigation
- Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
- The Role of the Criminal Investigator
- Solvability Factors
- The Preliminary Investigation
LECTURE OUTLINE
The History of Criminal Investigation
Criminal investigation began in England and briefly reviews the beginnings if policing by the Bow Street Runners of the Henry Fielding during the 1750’s to Sir Robert Peel’s first paid police officers known as the “bobbies.” There is the recognition of Scotland Yard serving as the headquarters of the London Metropolitan Police Department.
The first police departments in America were Boston in 1837, New York in 1844, and Philadelphia in 1854. By 1870 there is a police department in every major city in the U.S. due to the fact that each city had its own brand of violence, crime, and vice. Much of the crime and violence came from fighting between the Protestants and the Catholics, immigrants and Native Americans and the abolitionists and pro-slavery groups.
Scottish immigrant Allan Pinkerton founded the Pinkerton National Detective Agency in 1850.The agency was developed to help local law enforcement in solving cases that they were unable to investigate due to resources or incompetence. Pinkerton started a “rogues gallery” which was a compilation of descriptions of suspects, their hideaways, methods of operation, and criminal associates.
Even during the time of Pinkerton the New York City Police had some 20 detectives of their own. The NYPD had established their own “rogue gallery” of offenders and had over 700 photos of suspects. Chicago had its own Criminal Investigation Bureau in 1884 and Atlanta had its own Detective Bureau in 1885.
Federal Initiatives for criminal investigators began in 1865 with the creation of the United States Secret Service used to investigate counterfeiting. During the 1920’s the Bureau of the Internal Revenue was created to enforce Prohibition. The FBI originated from a force of agents of the Department of Justice under Attorney General Charles Bonaparte. Post Prohibition in 1933 former bootleggers turned to other crimes. In 1932 the FBI created a crime laboratory and made it accessible to state and local police. In 1967 the FBI made the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) operational. The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) was created in 1973 from the Federal Bureau of Narcotics.At the local level of criminal investigations one of the most notable figures is Chief August
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