Instructors Manual - for Criminal Investigation Third Edition Update...

Instructor’s Manual for Criminal Investigation Third Edition Update Michael D.Lyman 1 / 4

iii Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc.1 18 36 50 66 83 97 111 125 140 152 166 179 200 218 229 Contents

Chapter 1: Foundations of Criminal Inv

estigation Chapter 2: The Crime Scene: Field Notes, Documenting, and Reporting

Chapter 3: Processing the Crime Scene

Chapter 4: Identifying Criminal Susp

ects: Field and Laboratory Processes

Chapter 5: Legal Issues in Criminal Investig

ation

Chapter 6: Interviews and Interrogations

Chapter 7: Criminal Intelligence and Surveillance Operations

Chapter 8: Informant Manag

ement and Undercover Op erations

Chapter 9: Death Investigation

s

Chapter 10: Robbery

Chapter 11: Assault and Related Offenses

Chapter 12: Missing and Abdu

cted Persons Chapter 13: Crimes against Children: Child Abuse and Child Fatalities

Chapter 14: Theft and Fraud-Related Offenses

Chapter 15: Arson

and Bombings

Chapter 16: Terrorism and

National Security Crimes 2 / 4

1 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 1

Foundations of Criminal Investigations

CHAPTER OVERVIEW

The roots of America’s system of criminal investigation go back to the towns and cities of England during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As cities grew so did the rates of crime, and this forced law enforcement officials to take drastic measures. As a result, thief catchers were recruited from the riffraff of the streets to aid law enforcement officials in locating criminals.Two classes of thief catchers were identified: (1) hirelings, whose motivations were mercenary in nature; and (2) social climbers, who would implicate their accomplices in order to move up the social ladder. Over time, American law enforcement developed into the multi-system approach seen today.

The seeds of modern forensic science were sown in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.Progress from that time has been slow but steady. The American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS), a professional organization of forensic scientists in America, was established in 1948.Specific areas of expertise of AAFS members include pathology and biology, toxicology, criminalistics, questioned documents, and forensic odontology and anthropology.

As with other aspects of criminal justice, research plays an important role in helping us to understand how criminal investigations can be more effective. Early studies by both the RAND Corporation and the Police Executive Research Forum challenged long-held opinions about criminal investigation and made some practical recommendations.

Because of the changing nature of criminal activity and the role of the investigator, the objectives of the criminal investigation may be more complex than many people imagine. The premise behind the criminal investigation field is that people make mistakes while committing crimes. As a result of these oversights, evidence of who committed the crime is also left behind. It is the job of the criminal investigator to know how, when, and where to look for such evidence.

After an initial evaluation of evidence in a case, the criminal investigator draws conclusions through a process of reasoning. This process is typically achieved through inductive or deductive reasoning.

Many myths exist regarding the role of criminal investigators. Some studies have suggested that the role played by investigators is overrated and that their time could probably be spent more productively by focusing on crimes with the best likelihood of clearance. Other researchers suggest that the investigative process is a valid utility in crime detection but should be augmented by the use of proactive patrol programs.

A law enforcement agency’s reporting system is inextricably bound to the investigative role of the patrol officer. Redefining the role of patrol officers aims to ensure that evidence supporting the continual investigation or case closure is collected at the earliest possible point in the investigative process. This reporting system serves as the foundation for the criminal investigation. The reporting system is defined by two basic components, which in combination 3 / 4

2 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc.form the basis for an initial investigation. The first is a format that logically guides the identification leads, or solvability factors, that experience and research have demonstrated are most likely to result in case solution. The second provides an opportunity for details of the investigation thus far expended so that the follow-up plans do not unnecessarily duplicate tasks already completed.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

• Explain the history of criminal investigation.
• Identify how scientific advancements affected the process of criminal investigation.
• Explain the current research in criminal investigation.
• Discuss the objectives of criminal investigation.
• Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning.
• Explain the expanding role of the patrol officer as criminal investigator.
• Discuss the solvability factors in a criminal investigation.

LECTURE OUTLINE

• The History of Criminal Investigation
• The History of Criminal Investigation
• Roots of America’s system of criminal investigation go back to towns and cities of

England during eighteenth and nineteenth centuries • As cities grew, so did rates of crime • Forced law enforcement to take drastic measures

• Thief catchers

• Recruited from riffraff of streets to aid in locating criminals

• Two classes:

• Hirelings
• Social climbers
• Criminal Investigation in England
• Criminal Investigation in England

• During 1750s, crimes such as burglary and street robbery were rampant in England • Henry Fielding

• Took on challenge of reducing profits realized by criminals
• Established working relationships with local business owners, in particular

pawnbrokers

• Provided with lists of stolen property

ii. Encouraged them to contact him if any stolen property came to their attention

• Appointed handful of parish constables acclimated to night watchman duties
• Trackers soon began to perform criminal functions
• Originally called “Mr. Fielding’s People”
• Soon became known as the Bow Street Runners

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