Instructors Manual - for Criminology (Justice Series) th Edition By ...

i Instructor’s Manual for Criminology (Justice Series) 5 th Edition By Frank Schmalleger Prepared by Ellen Cohn 1 / 4

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CONTENTS

Part I: Criminology Explained –

The Evil Men (and Women) Do Chapter 1 What Is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals 1

Part II: Crime Causation – What We Do and Why We Do It

Chapter 2 Classical and Neoclassical Criminology: Choice and Consequences 17

Chapter 3 Biological Roots of Criminal Behavior: It’s What We Are 29

Chapter 4 Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives: Interaction Is Key 38

Chapter 5 Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior: 48

It’s How We Think

Chapter 6 Social Structure: It’s How We Live 61

Chapter 7 Social Process and Social Development: It’s What We Learn 74

Chapter 8 Social Conflict: It’s How We Relate 91

Part III: The Crime Picture – It’s Not Pretty

Chapter 9 Criminal Victimization: It’s Personal 104

Chapter 10 Crimes against Persons: What We Fear 116

Chapter 11 Crimes against Property: It’s What We Lose 131

Chapter 12 White-Collar and Organized Crime: Crime as a Job 143

Chapter 13 Drug and Sex Crimes: Recreational Offenses 154

Part IV: Crime in the Modern World – Today’s Headlines

Chapter 14 Technology and Crime: It’s a Double-Edged Sword 165

Chapter 15 Globalization and Terrorism: Our Small World 175 2 / 4

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CHAPTER 1

What Is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the textbook and to the field of criminology. It begins by discussing society’s fascination with crime, particularly violent crime. The definition of crime used in the text is from the legalist perspective, which sees crime as “human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws.” This approach recognizes that laws are social products and assumes that powerful individuals who are in a position to politically influence lawmaking strategies can impose their preferred definitions of criminal behavior on lawbreakers.While many crimes are forms of deviant behavior, human activity that violates social norms, not all crimes are deviant and not all deviant behavior is criminal. There is also a significant difference between what is criminal and what should be criminal. The consensus perspective holds that a law should be developed to criminalize a certain behavior when the members of a society generally agree that such a law is necessary. However, in a multicultural society, consensus may be difficult to achieve. The diversity of society is recognized in the pluralistic perspective which suggests that behaviors are typically criminalized through a political process after debate over the appropriate course of action.This chapter also discusses what a criminologist is, and considers the differences between a criminologist, a criminalist, and a criminal justice professional. Various professional opportunities for individuals with degrees in criminology are explored. The field of criminology itself is also discussed in detail, with various definitions considered. While criminology is primarily a social science, it is interdisciplinary. It contributes to, and overlaps, the field of criminal justice. One subfield is theoretical criminology, which posits explanations for criminal behavior. General and integrated theories of crime are compared.Crime does not occur in a vacuum; every crime has a unique set of causes, consequences and participants. Crime is seen as a social construction rather than as an isolated individual activity.A given crime may have many causes and may also carry with it many different kinds of meanings. Therefore, criminologists apply the concept of social relativity, the fact that social events are interpreted differently by different individuals or groups, to the study of crime.Criminology is mainly a social science but is an interdisciplinary field and many contemporary criminologists operate primarily from a sociological perspective. However, sociology appears reluctant to accept the significance of findings from research in other fields and is often unable to integrate these findings into existing sociological understandings of crime.Despite this, new perspectives are emerging and need to be recognized. 3 / 4

2 To understand the nature of crime, it is necessary to understand crime statistics. Official crime statistics today come from the BJS National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and from the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program and National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Crime patterns have changed since official crime statistics were first gathered. A considerable number of crimes are not reported; this is referred to as the dark figure of crime. Offender self-report surveys are one way to obtain information about the dark figure of crime.Evidence-based criminology refers to the use of rigorous social scientific techniques to develop knowledge in the field of criminology. It is founded on the experimental method. The ultimate outcome of criminological research is a set of effective social policies based on scientific evidence. Translating the results of criminological research into workable social policy is known as translational criminology. The development of social polices based on research findings may be of broader importance to society than theory testing. However, even when there is strong agreement among scholars, some policy innovations may be difficult to implement. It is essential for social policy to be linked to the objective findings of well-conducted criminological research.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

• Differentiate between crime, deviance, and delinquency.
• Explain how the consensus perspective differs from the pluralist perspective.
• Describe criminology and the role of criminologists.
• Summarize the theoretical perspectives of criminology.
• Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.
• Summarize statistics and trends in U.S. crime rates.
• Explain the influence of evidence-based criminology on social policies.

CHAPTER OUTLINE

• What is Crime?

• Teaching Note: Ask students to write down three ideas they immediately think of when they hear the term crime. Have them read out their responses and lead a discussion about the diversity of the responses.• Teaching Note: Many people accept the fictional (or fictionalized) view of crime that is presented by the media in crime-related entertainment (not only primetime television programs but also reality programs, news programs, and newspaper content). Explain that the needs of the media often influence or distort the images and information; the mass media often focus on unusual circumstances rather than presenting more typical images of crime.

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