Instructors Manual - for Policing AmericaPolicing America Challenges...

Instructor’s Manual for Policing AmericaPolicing America Challenges and Best Practices Tenth Edition Kenneth J. Peak William H. Sousa 1 / 4

iii Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc.iv v 1 11 22 31 40 51 59 67 80 90 97 108 117 124 Contents To the Instructor Syllabi

Chapter 1—History: From Eng

lish Origins to the United States Chapter 2—Preparing

for the Street: Recru itment, Training, and Socialization

Chapter

3—On Patrol: Methods and Menaces

Chapter 4—Community

Policing: “Guardians,” or “Soldiers”?

Chapter

5—Criminal Investigation: The Science of Sleuthing

Chapter 6—Personnel Issues and Practices: Stress,

Labor Relations, Higher Educatio n, and Private Police

Chapter 7—Rule of Law: Ex

pounding the Constitution

Chapter 8—Accountability: Use of

Force, Ethics, Corruption, and Discipline

Chapter 9—Civil Liability: Failing the Public Trust

Chapter 10—

Federal and State Agencies: Protecting Our Borders and Freedoms

Chapter 11—Municipal and County Agencies: Organization, Admin

istration,

and Roles Chapter 12

—Policing Criminal Groups and Organizations: Drug Abusers,

Gangs, Terrorists Chapter

13—Policing Special Populations and Problems: Immigration,

Sex Trafficking, Domestic Violence, Mental Illness

Chapter 14—Information Technologies:

Contributions and Caveats 2 / 4

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Chapter 1

History: From English Origins to the United States

CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the textbook and to the topic of policing in America. It begins with a brief introduction to how four primary criminal justice officers (sheriff, constable, coroner, and justice of the peace) developed in early England and how they function in modern-day America. The early English system of policing is discussed, including a brief review of the early frankpledge system, an explanation for its failure by the sixteenth century, and a discussion of the potential for corruption and the need for a new system of policing in England by about 1800.The chapter then moves on to a review of policing in colonial America, which first closely resembled the system used in England. Several colonial-era “crime waves” are discussed, including one involving the Puritans and Quakers and another involving witchcraft. Law enforcement was a low-priority issue in colonial America, which created problems after the American Revolution, when it became clear that America, like England, required a more formal and dependable system of law enforcement. The three main legacies of the colonial period to modern policing are reviewed: the commitment to local policing, the development of republicanism, and the beginnings of crime prevention theory.The contributions of three English reformers—Henry Fielding, John Fielding, and Patrick Colquhoun—are discussed. The influence of Sir Robert Peel and his eventual success in creating a full- time, paid police force in London is reviewed. The London Metropolitan Police Act, passed in 1829, created the London Metropolitan Police. The characteristics of the new force are described, along with many of Peel’s forward-thinking ideas. Peel’s twelve principles of policing are discussed.Americans observed Peel’s successes and eventually the move to improve policing in America led to the development of a full-time force in New York. However, the first organized, publicly funded “modern” form of policing in the United States is arguably the Southern slave patrols, which were the legal mechanism for enforcing the slave codes that defined slaves as property and gave slave masters the right to control their property through discipline and punishment. The first slave patrol was probably organized in South Carolina in 1704; slave patrols enforced colonial and state laws and had the right to flog slaves who violated the codes.Although the New York City police force was modeled after Peel’s force, there were several key differences, including placing the force under local political control. Other cities quickly adopted the basic model and by 1880, nearly every major city in America had a police force based on the Peel model.The three key issues that these departments faced included the question of whether they should wear uniforms, whether they should be armed, and the extent to which they should use force. These issues are discussed. The system of political patronage prevailed in most cities. The primary determinant of police behavior was tradition. Hostile interactions between citizens and the police were common but large cities in the late nineteenth century did become more orderly places. Religious and ethnic disputes developed within many departments and political influences were extremely strong. Police corruption surfaced and officers routinely committed perjury to protect each other against civilian complaints.The American frontier developed a different form of policing, because of the absence of government. The four main groups responsible for keeping the peace and enforcing the law in the west included private citizens, federal marshals and their deputies, businessmen, and town officials.Vigilantism and “informal justice” were common on the frontier.

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2 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc.

Because police departments were under local political control, they frequently provided a very wide variety of social services, in addition to crime fighting, crime prevention and order maintenance.Some departments operated soup kitchens, provided temporary lodging in station houses for new immigrants and the homeless, and found lost children.The reform or professional era of policing was characterized by an attempt to eliminate political patronage. The development of the concept of policing as a profession emerged as reformers realized the primary cause of police corruption and politicization was partisan politics. During the early twentieth century, August Vollmer pioneered the police professionalism movement but also advocated the view of police as social workers. Vollmer and other reformers emphasized the removal of political influence from policing, leading to the development of civil service systems. Other innovations included the application of the scientific theory of administration to policing, limitations on discretion, and the creation of specialized units. The “crime fighter image” emerged during this period as well.The early 1900s also saw the development of crime commissions, including the Wickersham Commission, which produced the first the first national study of crime and criminal justice in 1931. The Commission’s reports included a detailed discussion of police misconduct and corruption, and provided a blueprint for police professionalism. Another influence on policing in the mid-twentieth century was William H. Parker, who became the chief of the Los Angeles Police Department in 1950. He worked to transform the LAPD into an extremely professional department, with rigorous selection standards and training programs. He also developed the concept of the “thin blue line.” The civil rights movement in the late 1960s and 1970s greatly impacted the police, placing them in opposition to many college-aged youths and minority groups in the United States. Events such as the 1968 Democratic National Convention, which was eventually termed a “police riot”, led to questions and concerns about the police and their function and role. The police were focused on reform and professionalism, but the failure of the professional era is evident from the large number of urban race riots, attacks against the police, and other forms of upheaval and unrest. Many of the police-community relations problems were linked to the larger problem of racism in American society.The social unrest of the 1960s and the concerns about the police led to the formation of a number of national commissions in the 1960s and 1970s to examine police practices. The most well known was the President’s Crime Commission; its report restated many of Peel’s principles and basically called for a retreat from the professional model of policing. This led to a new stream of research that challenged traditional methods of policing and dispelled many basic assumptions underlying police activities.This led to the beginning of the community era of policing. The concept of team policing evolved and was implemented but ultimately failed due to poor planning, hasty implementation, and lack of support by middle management. Other developments in the 1970s and early 1980s included a return to foot patrol and the introduction of the problem-oriented approach to policing. This eventually led to the development of community-oriented policing and problem solving. The factors that set the stage for the emergence of community policing and problem solving, which primarily involve police isolation from the public, are reviewed. The potential of the community era is described, but several concerns that remain are also discussed.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

As a result of reading this chapter, the student will be able to:

• Explain the four major police-related offices and their functions during the early English and

colonial periods

• Explain the old English and colonial systems of policing and their legacies
• Describe changes in policing in the nineteenth century in England and the United States
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