Instructors Manual - For Policing (Justice Series) Updated Edition 4...

Instructor’s Manual For Policing (Justice Series) Updated Edition 4th Edition John L. Worrall Frank J. Schmalleger 1 / 4

1 8 17 27 42 53 67 82 96 114 133 150 165 Contents

Chapter 1: Origins and

Evolution of American Policing

Chapter 2: Po

licing in the American Context

Chapter 3: Law Enforcement

Agencies and Their Organizations Chap

ter 4: Becoming a Police Officer

Chapter 5: Police Subculture

Chapter 6: Police Discretion an

d Behavior Chapter

7: Core Police Functions

Chapter

8: Community Policing and Community Involvement

Chapter 9: Policin

g in the Modern Era

Chapter 10: Policin

g and the Law Chapter 11

: Civil Liability and Accountability

Chapter 12: Deviance, Ethics, and Professionalism

Chapter

13: The Use of Force 2 / 4

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CHAPTER 1

Origins and Evolution of American Policing

CHAPTER OVERVIEW

For students of policing, an appreciation of history is essential in order to understand the contemporary structure of American law enforcement, including the challenges faced by police organizations today. As a result of historical circumstances, the American system of policing is nearly unique in the world. Most countries today rely on one or only a few agencies for law enforcement. In the United States, however, there are thousands of law enforcement agencies with hundreds of thousands of employees. No other country has a policing system that looks quite like ours.

From the colonial period to the late nineteenth century, organized police forces of various kinds emerged across America. Like early policing on the other side of the Atlantic, law enforcement began as a private affair and eventually became public. Once police agencies were an established presence, they grew in number and influence. They also evolved in response to the demands and pressures of the time. Most researchers agree that these changes occurred in three distinct eras: the political era, the reform era, and the community era.

Most of our discussion of police history thus far has focused on local law enforcement: municipal police and sheriff’s departments. There is also an interesting history behind state and federal law enforcement, but the story is much shorter. With the exception of the U.S. Marshals Service, which was founded in the late eighteenth century, the history of state and federal law enforcement goes back only to the nineteenth century.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

• Outline the origins of policing.
• Summarize the various eras of policing.
• Outline the emergence of state and federal law enforcement agencies.

LECTURE OUTLINE

• The Origins of Policing
• From Private to Public Policing
• Kin policing

 One of the earliest known methods of policing  Involved families, clans, and tribes enforcing informal rules and customs  Each member of the group was given authority to enforce established rules  This method of policing changed during the rise of the Greek city-states and the Roman Empire

• Kings used military forces for law enforcement

 Also relied on so-called night watches 3 / 4

2 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Frankpledge system

 Became more formalized around twelfth century  Ten households were grouped into a tithing  Each adult male member of the tithing was held responsible for the conduct of others  Ten tithings were known as a hundred, or parish  Group of several parishes eventually came to be called a shire

• In England, the Second Statute of Westminster (1285) required each parish appoint

two constables  Men over the age of 15 formed the posse comitatus

• Magistrates eventually became known as justices of the peace

 Began to be appointed by the king or sheriff around the thirteenth century

• One of the most significant steps toward fully public policing occurred in 1735

 Two London parishes were given authority to pay their watchmen out of tax collections

• John and Henry Fielding

 Two Bow Street magistrates  Started to pay men to serve as constables in middle of the eighteenth century  Bow Street Runners, or thief takers

• The Influence of the English Model
• To a large extent, policing in London became the model for policing in America

 Historians have called attention to various forces behind the emergence of American policing

• Policing Comes to America
• Sir Robert Peel

 Responsible for passage of the Metropolitan Police Act  Metropolitan Police Act  Identified series of principles that he said ought to characterize any police force

Teaching Tip: Have a fuller discussion with the class regarding the life and role of Sir Robert Peel and his influences on early English policing, and subsequently his role in early American policing.

• The first North American colonists settled along the eastern seaboard

 Hailed from number of countries

• Jamestown

 First settlement established in 1607 in what is now Virginia

• Plymouth, Massachusetts

 Set up by Pilgrims in 1620

• Early on, churches were heavily involved in crime control
• Public punishments often witnessed by hundreds of people
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