Introduction to Computers

1 Introduction to Computers and the Internet People are using the web to build things they have not built or written or drawn or communicated anywhere else.—Tim Berners-Lee How wonderful it is that nobody need wait a single moment before starting to improve the world.—Anne Frank Man is still the most extraordinary computer of all.—John F. Kennedy Objectives

In this chapter you’ll learn:

■Computer hardware, soft- ware and Internet basics.■The evolution of the Internet and the World Wide Web.■How HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript are improving web- application development.■The data hierarchy.■The different types of programming languages.■Object-technology concepts.■And you’ll see demos of interesting and fun Internet applications you can build with the technologies you’ll learn in this book.(Internet and World Wide Web How To Program 5e Harvey Deitel, Abbey Deitel) (Solution Manual, For Complete File, Download link at the end of this File) 1 / 3

• Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and the Internet

Self-Review Exercises

1.1Fill in the blanks in each of the following:

a) The company that popularized personal computing was .

ANS:Apple.

b) Computers process data under the control of sets of instructions called computer

.

ANS:programs.

• is a type of computer language that uses Englishlike abbreviations for ma-

chine-language instructions.

ANS:Assembly language.

d) languages are most convenient to the programmer for writing programs quickly and easily.

ANS:High-level.

e) The only language a computer can directly understand is that computer’s

.

ANS:machine language.

f) The programs that translate high-level language programs into machine language are

called .

ANS:compilers.

• , or labeling content, is another key part of the collaborative theme of Web

2.0.

ANS:Tagging.

h) With

development, individuals and companies contribute their efforts in de- veloping, maintaining and evolving software in exchange for the right to use that soft- ware for their own purposes, typically at no charge.

ANS:open-source.

i) The

was the predecessor to the Internet.

ANS:ARPANET.

j) The information-carrying capacity of a communications medium like the Internet is

called .

ANS:bandwidth.

k) The acronym TCP/IP stands for .

ANS:Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.

1.2Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements.

a) The allows computer users to locate and view multimedia-based docu-

ments on almost any subject over the Internet.

ANS:World Wide Web.

b) founded an organization—called the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)—devoted to developing nonproprietary, interoperable technologies for the World Wide Web.

ANS:Tim Berners-Lee.

c) are reusable software components that model items in the real world.

ANS:Objects.

• is a smartphone operating system based on the Linux kernel and Java.

ANS:Android.

1.3Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements (based on Section 1.14):

a) Objects have the property of —although objects may know how to commu-

nicate with one another across well-defined interfaces, they normally are not allowed to know how other objects are implemented.

ANS:information hiding. 2 / 3

Solutions3

b) In object-oriented programming languages, we create to house the set of

methods that perform tasks.

ANS:classes.

c) The process of analyzing and designing a system from an object-oriented point of view

is called .

ANS:object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD).

d) With , new classes of objects are derived by absorbing characteristics of existing

classes, then adding unique characteristics of their own.

ANS:inheritance.

e) The size, shape, color and weight of an object are considered of the object’s

class.

ANS:attributes.

1.4State whether each of the following is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why.

a) HTML5 (HyperText Markup Language 5) is a high-level language designed to specify

the content and structure of web pages in a portable manner.

ANS:False. HTML is a markup language.

b) Keeping page styling together with the page content and structure enables you to easily

change the look and feel of the pages on an entire website, or a portion of a website.ANS:False. By separating page styling from page content and structure, you can change the look and feel of the pages on an entire website, or a portion of a website, simply by swapping out one style sheet for another.

c) A web server maintains a database of hostnames and their corresponding IP addresses,

and performs the translations automatically.ANS:False. A Domain Name System (DNS) server maintains a database of hostnames and their corresponding IP addresses, and performs the translations automatically.

1.5Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements:

• is a JavaScript library that simplifies JavaScript programming by making it

easier to manipulate a web page’s elements and interact with servers in a portable man- ner across various web browsers.

ANS:jQuery.

• is the standard for transferring encrypted data on the web.

ANS:Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS).

• identify resources on the Internet.

ANS:URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers).

d) An is a numerical value that uniquely identifies the server on the Internet.

ANS:IP (Internet Protocol) address.

e) Browsers often web pages for quick reloading.

ANS:cache.

f) The operating system is used in the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch devices.

ANS:iOS.

Solutions

1.6Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements:

a) The process of instructing the computer to solve a problem is called .

ANS:computer programming.

b) What type of computer language uses Englishlike abbreviations for machine-language

instructions? .

ANS:assembly language.

• / 3