KINE 3020 TEST 2 NEWEST ACTUAL WITH

KINE 3020 TEST 2 NEWEST ACTUAL / WITH

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS VERIFIED/GRADED A+

What are the two additional association motor areas? Where do they project to? Where are they located in context to the primary motor cortex (MI)? - ----Answers---Premotor area (PMC/PMA) & supplementary motor area (SMA) → project to MI & spinal cord Found anterior to MI (PMC lateral, SMA superior & medial)

What are some of the functions of the motor association areas (PMC & SMA)? - ----Answers---1. Plan movements

• Selecting movements/movement sequence appropriate to

context of action

• Neurons fire before movement occurs (as soon as goal is

set), & continues to fire during movement

What is the premotor area (PMA/PMC) receiving? What is its function? What is it influenced by? - ----Answers---Receives multisensory input (especially visual signals guiding movement Preparing voluntary actions → influenced by cerebellum via thalamus

What happens when there is stimulation to the PMC? Does it control ipsilateral or contralateral limbs? - ----Answers--- 1 / 4

Stimulation causes muscle contractions at multiple joints (for contralateral limbs)

What is the other instance that premotor area (PMA/PMC) neurons fire not only when producing an action? - ---- Answers---When an individual sees someone else performing a similar action to what you're doing → "mirror neurons"

What is the supplementary motor area (SMA) used in? What is it influenced by? - ----Answers---Used in internally-initiated (self-motivated) movements Influenced by basal ganglia via thalamus

What are the major inputs of the primary motor cortex (MI)?

What are the major outputs of the MI? - ----Answers---Inputs:

PMC, SMA, PPC, SI, cerebellum & basal ganglia via thalamus

Outputs: cerebellum, basal ganglia, motor nuclei in brainstem

& spinal cord

What is the basal ganglia involved in? Does it act directly or indirectly w/ lower motoneurons? - ----Answers---Involved in preparing & performing movement → indirect acts w/ no direct communication w/ lower motoneurons

What are the three general functions of the basal ganglia? - -- --Answers---1. Plan & control complex movements (organize movement sequence)

• Program self-initiated movements (acts as output to SMA) 2 / 4

• Selectively activates some movements while suppressing

others (inhibit unwanted movements)

What are the five parts of the basal ganglia mentioned in lecture? What two parts can be further subdivided? - ---- Answers---1. Caudate

• Putamen
• Globus pallidus → lateral globus pallidus (GPl) & medial

globus pallidus (GPm)

• Substantia nigra → pars compacta & pars reticulata
• Subthalamic nucleus

What parts of the basal ganglia make up the striatum? What parts make up the lenticular/lentiform nucleus? - ----

Answers---Striatum: caudate & putamen

Lenticular/lentiform nucleus: putamen & globus pallidus

What are the three parts of the caudate? Which part is more medial, & which part is more lateral? - ----Answers--- Caudate split into head, body, & tail Head is more medial & tail is more lateral

What is the most lateral structure of the basal ganglia? What does it bridge with? - ----Answers---Putamen as the most lateral structure of the basal ganglia, bridges w/ caudate

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What are the two parts of the globus pallidus? What structure are they medial to? Which part of the globus pallidus acts as one of the major outputs of the basal ganglia? - ----Answers- --1. Lateral globus pallidus (GPl)

• Medial globus pallidus (GPm) → major output of basal

ganglia Medial to putamen

Where is the subthalamic nucleus found? What basal ganglia structure does it communicate with? - ----Answers---Found inferior to thalamus Communicates w/ globus pallidus

What are the two parts of the substantia nigra? Define/explain

each. - ----Answers---1. Pars compacta: more dorsal, has

dopaminergic neurons

2. Pars reticulata: more ventral, involved in output & inhibiting

thalamus

What are the inputs to the basal ganglia? Where do the inputs enter? - ----Answers---1. Areas of cerebral cortex

• Thalamus

Enters striatum (caudate & putamen)

What are the two output parts of the basal ganglia? Are they inhibitory or excitatory outputs? What do they release? Where do they send the output to? - ----Answers---Medial globus

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