KINE 3P94 FINAL EXAM NEWEST ACTUAL

KINE 3P94 FINAL EXAM NEWEST ACTUAL /

QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (A+ GRADED)

What is the importance of the corticospinal tract? - ---- Answers----Fine motor skills

How did we discover the importance of the corticospinal tract?

• ----Answers----Monkeys had to pick food out of a will
• those with a corticospinal tract used index finger and thumb

(FMS)

• those without a corticospinal tract used whole hand (GMS)

FES - ----Answers----Functional Electrical Stimulation

• can be used when you are too weak to complete the

movement

• stimulate and strengthen neural pathways by electrically

generate body movement

what is the basal ganglia composed of? - ----Answers----5 sub thalamic nuclei

• sub thalamic nuclei of the basal ganglia - ----Answers-----

caudate

• putamen
• globus pallidus (internal and external)
• Subthalamic nucleus 1 / 3

• substantia nigra (pars compact and pars reticulata)

what is the striatum? - ----Answers----Caudate + putamen

• cerebral hemispheres - ----Answers----- diencephalon
• midbrain
• central hemispheres

sub thalamic nuclei of the cerebral hemispheres - ---- Answers----- diencephalon = sub thalamic nuclei

• midbrain = substantial nigra (pars company and pars

reticulata)

• central hemispheres = putamen, caudate, and globes pallidus

BG input - ----Answers----- cerebral cortex (mostly motor)

• Substantia nigra (pars compacta)
• thalamus

Where do the BG inputs project? - ----Answers----striatum

Where does the BG send output from? - ----Answers----- Globus pallidus (internal)

• substantia nigra (pars reticulata)
• / 3

What is the target for the output of BG? - ----Answers---- Thalamus

Where does the BG not have a direct output connection to? - -- --Answers----spinal cord

the feedback loop - ----Answers----motor areas - basal ganglia - thalamus - motor areas all inputs onto striatum - series of processing - diverge from globes pallidus

Direct pathway - ----Answers----- cerebral cortex activates the striatum

• striatum inhibits the globus pallidus which is tonically active
• the inhibition of the GP reduces the inhibition of the thalamus
• the inhibition of the thalamus is reduced allowing it to

activate the motor cortical area

• movement occurs

Indirect pathway - ----Answers----- cerebral cortex and substantial nigra activates the striatum

• activation of the striatum inhibits the GP (ext)
• inhibition of the GP (ext) allows for excitation of the sub

thalamic nucleus

• excitation of the sub thalamic nuclei allows for excitation of

the GP (int)

• excitation of the GP (int) inhibits the thalamus
• / 3