Latest - (Latest / 1. What is the causative agent of ac...

Family Medicine EOR Infectious Disease (Smarty PANCE) (Latest /

• What is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome?

Answer: HIV is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

• What is the RNA structure of HIV?

Answer: HIV is single-stranded and linear enveloped RNA virus

• How does untreated HIV infection initially present?

Answer: Untreated HIV infection initially presents with flu like symptoms, followed by a period of clinical latency.

• Reactivation of this parasitic protozoa can occur in AIDS patients, leading to brain

abscesses?Answer: Toxoplasma reactivation can occur in AIDS patients, leading to brain abscesses

• What is the preferred testing algorithm for HIV?

Answer: The preferred testing algorithm uses a fourth-generation antigen/antibody combination HIV-1/2 immunoassay plus a confirmatory HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation immunoassay An alternative approach involves ELISA (screening test) which if positive is con- firmed by Western Blot. Rapid testing is done by blood or saliva test with confirmatory testing if positive

• Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy typically occurs in AIDS patients with a

CD4+ cell count less what?Answer: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy typically occurs in AIDS patients with a CD4+ cell count of less than 200/mm3.

• What are the chances of contracting HIV from a needlestick injury involving a patient with

known HIV?Answer: The chances of contracting HIV from a needlestick injury involving a patient with known HIV is < 0.3%

• Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia typically occurs in AIDS patients with a CD4+ cell

count less than what?Answer: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia typically occurs in AIDS patients with a CD4+ cell count of less than 200/mm3

• When should PEP be started after exposure?

Answer: PEP should be started within 72 hours of exposure. Testing should be done on the worker and the patient - resting at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months. Antiretrovirals combo therapy with drugs from different classes should be continued for at least 4 weeks, full course PEP reduces the chance of HIV transmission by up to 70% 1 / 2

• What test is used for determining prognosis in HIV patients?

Answer: HIV polymerase chain reaction is the test used for determining prognosis in HIV patients

• Cytomegalovirus reactivation typically occurs in AIDS patients with a CD4+ cell count

less than what?Answer: Cytomegalovirus reactivation, leading to retinitis, esophagitis, colitis, pneumonitis, and encephalitis, typically occurs in AIDS patients with a CD4+ cell count less than 100/mm3

• What two tumors are among the AIDS-defining conditions?

Answer: Among the AIDS-defining conditions, there are tumors like Kaposi sarcoma and primary lymphoma of the brain

• When does AIDS occurs in an HIV-positive individual?

Answer: AIDS occurs in an HIV-positive individual when the CD4+ T cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3 and/or when there is the presence of an AIDS-associated infection

• What type of pneumonia is among the AIDS-defining conditions?

Answer: Among the AIDS-defining conditions, there is pneumocystis pneumonia

• What are the components of highly active antiretroviral therapy?

Answer: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) entails a three-drug regimen, with two nucleotide/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and one integrase inhibitor

• 2 NRTIs + NNRTI
• 2 NRTIs + PI
• 2 NRTIs + INSTI

• What is used to monitor treatment effectiveness in people w/ HIV?

Answer: HIV RNA viral load

• Prophylaxis against pneumocystis jirovecii is started if the CD4 cell count falls to below

what?Answer: Pneumocystis jirovecii is a fungus that causes severe interstitial pneumonia in AIDS patients, so prophylaxis against it is started if the CD4 cell count falls to below 200 cells/mm3

• HIV dementia typically occurs in AIDS patients with a CD4+ cell count less than what?

Answer: HIV dementia typically occurs in AIDS patients with a CD4+ cell count less than 200/mm3

• Epstein-Barr virus reactivation typically occurs in AIDS patients with a CD4+ cell count

less than what?Answer: Epstein-Barr virus reactivation, leading to B-cell lymphoma, typically occurs in AIDS patients with a CD4+ cell count less than 100/mm3

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