MDSC 515 FINAL NEWEST ACTUAL QUESTIONS

MDSC 515 FINAL NEWEST ACTUAL / QUESTIONS

AND ANSWERS | VERIFIED| GRADE A+

Hematopoietic stem cell - ----Answers_----divides continuously to produce blood stem cells -differentiates into different components of the blood system -makes blood and bone marrow transplants possible - will continue to divide in the new individuals

Stem cell gene therapy - ----Answers_----patient with disease causing mutation in their cells -remove the mutated cells -insert a vector that corrects the mutation -patients own genes with this genetic modification are inserted back into the patient to create new blood cells

Meiosis - ----Answers_----specialize cell cycle/division in sex cells to generate cells with half the original genetic information -diploid cell state (two sets of chromosomes) to haploid cell (single set of chromosomes) -when a sperm and egg join in fertilization the two haploid sets of chromosomes form a complete diploid set and therefore a new genome 1 / 4

Meiosis i - ----Answers_----homologous pairs separate during 1st round of cell division

Meiosis ii - ----Answers_----sister chromatids separate during second round if division

Generation of embryonic stem cells - ----Answers_----from in-vitro fertilized egg -grow undifferentiated in culture -differentiate to produce specific cell types -international regulations on genetically editing embryos as these changes will effect all the cells in the body and be passed to further generations

Cell cycle checkpoints - ----Answers_----checkpoint is a point in the cell cycle in which progression of a cell to the next stage of the cycle can be halted until conditions are favourable -often disrupted or mutated in cancer cells

G1 checkpoint - ----Answers_----damage to dna and other external factors evaluated -if conditions are inadequate then the cell will not be allowed to continue to the s phase of interphase

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G2 checkpoint - ----Answers_----ensures all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated dna is not damaged before entering mitosis

M checkpoint - ----Answers_----determines if all sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules before the cell enters the irreversible anaphase stage

Cyclins and cell cycle checkpoints - ----Answers_----cyclins are a group of proteins that regulate the cell cycle by forming complexes with cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) -cdk/cyclin complex must be phosphorylated so it can phosphorylate other proteins to advance the cell cycle -negative regulator molecules (rb, p53 and p21) are actors at the g1 checkpoint to prevent the cell from moving forward to division until damaged dna is repaired -p53 alters cell cycle and can trigger apoptosis -p21 triggered by p53 and also halts the cycle by binding and inhibiting the cdk.cyclin complex -rb binds e2f to halt the cell cycle

Catabolic pathways vs anabolic - ----Answers_----catabolic produce cellular building blocks through breakdown of food, heat and energy from food -anabolic pathways uses these blocks and energy to form macromolecules

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Glycolysis & gluconeogenesis - ----Answers_----glucose breakdown and synthesis of glucose

Glycogenolysis and glycogenesis - ----Answers_---- breakdown and synthesis of glycogen

B-oxidation and lipogenesis - ----Answers_---fatty acid breakdown and synthesis of triglycerides

Proteolysis and amino acid synthesis - ----Answers_---- protein breakdown to amino acids and synthesis of amino acids

Fabry's disease - ----Answers_----inherited disorder with enzyme deficiency -strokes, renal disease or heart failure -no cure -enzyme replacement therapy is the only treatment in canada -need to make the missing enzyme to give to patients -cannot breakdown sugars in food so they build up and cause cell damage

Facts project: the first stem cell gene therapy clinical trial in

canada - correction, replacement or compensation of defective genes within a patient's own stem cells

Genetic modifications of blood stem cells - ----Answers_---- correct mutations that cause blood related issues

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