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Midterm Exam: NR 565 / NR565
(Latest Update 2025 / 2026) Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals | Questions & Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A - Chamberlain
Question:
What physiological changes during pregnancy affect drug disposition?
Answer:
Increased renal blood flow, hepatic metabolism, and altered intestinal transit time.
Question:
What is teratogenesis?
Answer:
The production of birth defects due to drug exposure during pregnancy.
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Question:
What are the FDA pregnancy risk categories?
Answer:
Categories A, B, C, D, and X, indicating varying levels of fetal risk.
Question:
What does Category A in the FDA pregnancy risk categories indicate?
Answer:
Remote risk; controlled studies show no fetal harm.
Question:
What does Category X in the FDA pregnancy risk categories indicate?
Answer:
Proven risk for fetal harm; risks clearly outweigh any possible benefit.
Question:
What is the Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR)?
Answer:
A requirement for new labeling that includes sections on pregnancy, lactation, and reproductive potential. 2 / 4
Question:
How does malnutrition affect drug metabolism?
Answer:
It can compromise metabolism, leading to altered drug responses.
Question:
What are some unique adverse reactions during pregnancy?
Answer:
Osteoporosis from heparin, abortion from prostaglandins, and increased bleeding risk from aspirin.
Question:
What factors contribute to increased drug sensitivity in older adults?
Answer:
Reduced hepatic and renal elimination, altered absorption, and changes in body composition.
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Question:
What is the role of the nurse in minimizing ADRs?
Answer:
To evaluate patients for ADRs and educate them on avoidance and minimization.
Question:
What should patients and families do to minimize ADRs?
Answer:
Take medication as directed, watch for signs of ADRs, and seek medical attention if needed.
Question:
What is the impact of increased body fat in older adults on drug distribution?
Answer:
It provides a depot for lipid-soluble drugs, reducing plasma levels and responses.
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