Midterm Exam: NR503 NR 503

Midterm Exam: NR503 / NR 503

(Latest 2025 / 2026) Population Health, Epidemiology & Statistical Principles | Questions and Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A - Chamberlain

Question:

What are the methods to measure health outcomes?

Answer:

Health outcomes are usually defined as an end result that follows some kind of healthcare provision, treatment, or intervention and may describe a patient's condition or health status (Kleinpell, 2007; Kleinpell & Gawlinski, 2005; Oermann & Floyd, 2002). Using a population perspective, a health outcome can be measured using public health metrics, such as mortality and life expectancies, that are used to demonstrate the contribution of certain diseases to population mortality. New trends also emphasize the inclusion of qualitative metrics that are based on subjective data, such as self-perceived health status, psychological state, or ability to function, that can illustrate collective social well-being.

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Question:

What are the elements of the action model?

Answer:

Assessment, Monitoring, Evaluation, and Dissemination

Question:

Period Prevalence Rate

Answer:

Measures the number of cases of disease during a specific period of time and is a measure of burden

Question:

Positive Predictive Value (PPV)

Answer:

A measure of the probability of a positive test result when the disease is present

Question:

Epidemiological Triangle

Answer:

• The relationship between risk factors and disease is complex. Research

studies may describe a relationship between a risk factor and disease, but how do we know this relationship is causal? An understanding of causation is 2 / 3

important if APRNs want to effectively impact the health of populations. The epidemiological triangle is a model that has historically been used to explain

causation. The model consists of three interactive factors: the causative agent

(those factors for which presence or absence cause disease—biologic, chemical, physical, nutritional), a susceptible host (such things as age, gender, race, immune status, genetics), and the environment (including such diverse elements as water, food, neighborhood, pollution). A change in the agent, host, and environmental balance can lead to disease (Harkness, 1995).The underlying assumptions of this model are that causative factors can be both intrinsic and extrinsic to the host and that the cause of disease is related to interaction among these three factors. This model initially was developed to explain the transmission of infectious diseases and was particularly useful when the focus of epidemiology was on acute diseases. It is less helpful for understanding and explaining the more complicated processes associated with chronic disease. With the rise of chronic diseases as the primary cause of morbidity and mortality, a model that recognizes multiple causative factors was needed to better understand this complex interaction.

Question:

Confounding Variables

Answer:

Occurs when it appears that a true association exists between an exposure and an outcome, but in reality, this association is confounded by another variable or exposure.

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