Midterm Exam: NR565 NR-565

Midterm Exam: NR565 / NR-565

(Latest Update 2025 / 2026) Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals | Study Guide Questions & Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A - Chamberlain

Question:

Statins During Pregnancy

Answer:

Statins are generally contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential risks to fetal development. Statins can affect fetal cholesterol synthesis and development, so alternative treatments are recommended for managing dyslipidemia in pregnant women.

Question:

Gemfibrozil and Warfarin Interaction

Answer:

Gemfibrozil displaces warfarin from plasma albumin, thereby increasing anticoagulant effects.

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Question:

Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB): Use in Atrial Fibrillation

Answer:

• CCBs, such as diltiazem and verapamil, are used to manage atrial fibrillation

by slowing down the conduction through the AV node.

• This helps control the HR and reduce symptoms associated with atrial

fibrillation.

• They are particularly helpful for rate control in patients with this condition.

Question:

Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB): Hemodynamic Effects of Nifedipine

Answer:

Calcium channel blockers, including nifedipine, reduce angina by decreasing the heart's workload and improving blood flow. They lower blood pressure and decrease heart rate by inhibiting calcium entry into cardiac and smooth muscle cells, leading to vasodilation and reduced myocardial oxygen demand.

Question:

Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB): Diltiazem and Digoxin Interaction

Answer:

Diltiazem and digoxin can interact when used together, particularly in patients with atrial fibrillation. Both drugs have effects on heart rate and conduction. Diltiazem can enhance the effects of digoxin, leading to an increased risk of digoxin toxicity. Careful monitoring is required when these drugs are used in combination to prevent adverse effects. 2 / 4

Question:

Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB): Angina

Answer:

Nifedipine, a CCB, helps alleviate angina by dilating blood vessels, particularly the peripheral arteries and coronary arteries. This reduces the workload on the heart and lowers blood pressure, which in turn decreases angina symptoms by improving oxygen delivery to the heart muscle.

Question:

Angina Treatment Strategy

Answer:

The treatment strategy for angina involves reducing the heart's oxygen demand and increasing oxygen supply. This typically includes a combination of lifestyle changes, medications (such as nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers), and possibly interventions like angioplasty or surgery to improve blood flow and reduce the frequency and severity of angina attacks.

Question:

Nitroglycerin

Answer:

Nitroglycerin is a nitrate medication used to treat angina. It works quickly to relieve angina symptoms by relaxing and dilating blood vessels, which reduces the heart's workload and improves blood flow to the heart muscle.

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Question:

Nitroglycerin: MOA

Answer:

Nitroglycerin works by converting to nitric oxide in the body, which relaxes smooth muscle cells in the blood vessels. This leads to vasodilation, particularly of the veins, reducing preload (the amount of blood returning to the heart) and thereby decreasing the heart's oxygen demand and relieving angina.

Question:

Nitroglycerin: Treatment Monitoring

Answer:

• Treatment involves administering the drug sublingually, orally, or via

patches.

• Monitoring includes assessing for efficacy (relief of angina) and side effects,

such as headaches, dizziness, or hypotension. It is important to monitor blood pressure and ensure the patient is not experiencing excessive drops in blood pressure or tolerance to the medication.

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