Name: Class: Date: - TB1 Chapter 1 - Essay Copyright MacmillanLearni...

Name: Class: Date: TB1 Chapter 1 - Essay Copyright MacmillanLearning. Poweredby Cognero.Page 1 1.While developmental researchers are diverse, they do have several commonalities. List and briefly describe three ways that developmental researchers are alike.ANSWER: Acceptable responses should include at least three of the following points. Developmental researchers agree on some basic facts about development. They share a common vocabulary used to communicate about development. They use common established scientific research methods to investigate development. They share a commitment to accurate and ethical science. They share an appreciation and empathy for all human beings.

2.There are many individual physical aspects to human development, such as biological milestones. However, even the development of these milestones can be influenced by the culture in which the individual develops.Identify and briefly explain at least two ways that culture can influence the development of milestones.ANSWER: Culture defines which biological markers are important. For example, menarche, menopause, and physical changes related to getting older are viewed and responded to differently in different cultures. Culture can influence when certain biological milestones are met due to diet, activity, and other factors. Cultural norms regarding age of schooling, work, and family influence definitions of developmental stages and expectations for these stages.

3.Developmental science is "interdisciplinary" and "international." Explain the meaning of each of these characteristics of developmental science and give one explanation of the importance of each.ANSWER: Developmental science is "interdisciplinary" because researchers from many different fields contribute to the knowledge of developmental psychology. Some of these disciplines include psychology, anthropology, neuroscience, pediatrics, sociology, economics, nursing, and education.It is important that developmental science is interdisciplinary because scientists from various disciplines collaborate, check each other's work, and hold each other accountable. Developmental science is "international" because developmental researchers work in all parts of the world, including all seven continents. The international nature of developmental science is important because it helps one to differentiate universal versus cultural aspects of development. It also helps one to appreciate the diversity of development.

4.Contrast early developmental science and modern developmental science. Provide at least three changes in modern developmental science compared to early developmental science.ANSWER: Modern developmental science has turned away from the racist, sexist, ableist, and ageist views of early developmental scientists. Technological breakthroughs have made possible the use of methods such as brain scans and genetic analysis. Understanding of "epigenetics" has changed how people view the role of experience in genetic expression. Modern developmental science has a greater understanding and recognition of the important influences of culture and community on individual development.

5.Juanita is a college student studying developmental science. As Juanita researches developmental topics for class assignments, she keeps noticing that the findings of developmental studies often don't agree with one another. Juanita is beginning to feel discouraged and wonders if science can be trusted at all. Formulate an argument that would encourage Juanita that disagreement among developmental scientists can make developmental science more trustworthy. Use at least three points in your argument.ANSWER: Acceptable answers should contain at least three of the following points. Popular media claims about science are not always accurate, and therefore more scientific agreement may exist than is portrayed in popular media. Disagreement over research findings leads to critical thinking and more Scientific American Lifespan Development, 1e Allison Sidle Fuligni, Andrew Fuligni, Jessica Bayne (Test Bank All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade) 1 / 4

Name: Class: Date: TB1 Chapter 1 - Essay Copyright MacmillanLearning. Poweredby Cognero.Page 2 careful evaluation of methodology and claims. Critical thinking is the basis of scientific inquiry, and it makes science better and more trustworthy. Even when unanimous scientific agreement does not exist, people can still trust the establishment of "scientific consensus" in which a wide majority agree. Appropriate evaluation of disagreements can ultimately help build scientific consensus.

6.List and briefly explain the four major themes pervading developmental science.ANSWER: 1. Each person's development is a complex interaction between them and the world. People develop as individuals, but that development is both influenced by and influences their environment. 2. The process of development is not only universal but also unique to each person. People can generalize universal trends and concepts in human development, but each individual person's development will be different from every other person's. 3. Culture and community context are critical. Because culture and community influence and define meaning of development, people cannot truly understand development without understanding its cultural context. 4. Change is constant, but some elements of individuals remain the same. While an individual changes throughout the lifespan, some aspects of the person change little throughout their life.

7.As Hosea grew up, he had several life experiences considered to be risk factors for developmental difficulties. His father went to prison, and his parents divorced when Hosea was 5 years old. His mother had to work hard to provide for the family and was seldom home to supervise Hosea and his siblings. The family never seemed to have enough money to make end meet. In spite of these difficulties, at age 20, Hosea is finishing his associate's degree, has a positive group of friends, and holds a steady job. Using the developmental concepts of "nature" and "nurture," give at least three possible explanations for Hosea's resilience.ANSWER: Hosea's resilience probably results from the interaction of a number of nature and nurture influences. Hosea may have been born with a flexible and resilient nature that helps him roll with the punches that life has thrown at him. These "nature" tendencies may have been inherited as part of his genetic makeup. Hosea may have been raised to be determined and resilient even in the face of hardship. His mother's example of working hard to support her family may have been an important "nurture" influence. Resilience is often formed from close, positive social relationships: Hosea may have had an adult, like a grandparent or a teacher, who he felt connected to.Additionally, he may have grown up in a community and culture that values and encourages determination and resilience. It is likely that all of these factors came into play and interacted with one another to shape Hosea's development.

8.List and briefly describe the five levels of social context in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model of human development.ANSWER: The five levels of social context in Bronfenbrenner's model include the individual, the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, and the macrosystem. The individual refers to the personal characteristics of the individual (such as age, health, and genetics), as well as the choices that the individual makes. The microsystem includes the individual's domains of direct interaction, such as family, friends, school, and work. The mesosystem is made up of the interactions between the people/organizations in the microsystem. The exosystem includes community and governmental influences, such as media and laws. The macrosystem includes the value, ideas, and customs of the culture in which the individual lives.

9.Analyze the social context of your own development according to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model of human development. Identify at least one specific way that the individual, microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem levels of context EACH influence your development. 2 / 4

Name: Class: Date: TB1 Chapter 1 - Essay Copyright MacmillanLearning. Poweredby Cognero.Page 3 ANSWER: Acceptable student answers will include at least one specific application for each of Bronfenbrenner's levels. Example might include health, genes, or personal choices for the individual; the influence of family, friends, work, or school for the microsystem; interactions such as family–school relationships for the mesosystem; media messages or public policy decisions for the exosystem; and cultural beliefs or practices (such as norms or prejudices) for the macrosystem.

10.Family or individual income is the simplest, but not always the most helpful, way to measure monetary well-being. Identify and briefly describe two other ways that researchers measure this variable. Additionally, identify two ways that money can influence development.ANSWER: Two other ways that scientists can measure financial well-being include evaluating whether material needs are being met and evaluating socioeconomic status. Adequacy of material needs is measured by whether an individual or family has enough food, a safe and stable place to live, and access to affordable health care. Socioeconomic status is a measure that combines income level with social status (job position, education level) and social capital (social connectedness leading to help getting needs met). Researchers have found financial well-being to be correlated with many developmental outcomes, including lifelong health, lifelong happiness, and life expectancy.

11.List and describe the six forms of cultural strengths proposed by the Community Cultural Wealth model.Explain one benefit of using this model to understand communities that may be marginalized.ANSWER: Aspirational capital is the ability to maintain hopes and dreams even in the face of challenges; linguistic capital refers to communication skills, including family stories and bilingual communication; familial capital refers to a sense of connection, caring, and support from the community; social capital refers to networks of people who provide support for navigating society; navigational capital refers to the skills needed to maneuver through social institutions that are not designed for diversity; resistant capital refers to knowledge and skill for challenging inequality. This model is helpful for understanding and working with marginalized communities because it emphasizes strengths rather than seeing them as a collection of problems. This emphasis on strengths helps support positive developmental outcomes.

12.Explain three reasons why understanding culture is important to developmental science. Explain the term cultural humility and why it is important to developmental science.ANSWER: Understanding culture is critical to developmental science for a number of reasons. Culture is a critical way that people learn from each other and get along. Culture influences all aspects of development, so people cannot adequately understand development apart from understanding the cultural context of development. Understanding culture helps one identify when people may experience cultural discrimination, and therefore helps protect them from discrimination. Cultural humility refers to an openness to cultural diversity and a self-awareness of one's own cultural background. This allows one to develop respectful, equitable, and supportive relationships with others. It is also a core competency for many professional fields, including healthcare, education, and law enforcement.

13.Compare and contrast individualist communities and collectivist communities, using at least one point of similarity and at least two points of contrast. Include correct use of the terms "independence" and "interdependence" in your response.ANSWER: Individualist communities value "independence" of the individual, meaning that the individual's right to make their own life choices is prioritized. In contrast, collectivist communities value 3 / 4

Name: Class: Date: TB1 Chapter 1 - Essay Copyright MacmillanLearning. Poweredby Cognero.Page 4 "interdependence," meaning that relationships within the group and the needs of the group are valued more highly than individual rights. Individualist communities may be comprised of smaller family units, allowing more emphasis and the achievements and opportunities of the individuals.Collectivist communities may tend to have larger families that can contribute to the needs of the group. Individualist communities may encourage more personal uniqueness, while collective communities may expect more conformity to the community. Both types of communities share the goal of raising children who are healthy, happy adults.

14.Six-year-old Jubal has his eyesight tested for the first time when he goes to kindergarten. The nurse discovers a major discrepancy between the visual acuity of Jubal's right and left eyes, and Jubal is ultimately diagnosed with a lazy eye. The eye doctor expresses concern that Jubal's brain has not been using the weaker eye, and therefore, Jubal has not developed binocular depth perception. The eye doctor warns the family that treatment of the lazy eye must begin immediately; and Jubal might be too old to develop binocular depth perception even with the treatment, as depth perception usually must develop before age 6. To the doctor's surprise, and Jubal's family's delight, Jubal does develop binocular depth perception after several months of treatment. Explain how Jubal's case relates to the plasticity of development. Explain and apply the term "sensitive period" in your response.ANSWER: The "sensitive period," or time that development is most responsive to environmental stimuli, for binocular depth perception typically occurs before age 6. Jubal's doctor is concerned about Jubal's potential for developing binocular depth perception; because, at age 6, Jubal may have missed the developmental sensitive period for this ability. Plasticity of development refers to the idea that development can be molded, like plastic, by experiences. Fortunately, the plasticity of development allows Jubal's perception of depth to be molded by his new visual experiences after treatment of the lazy eye, despite the potential limits of the sensitive period.

15.Eight-year-old Ariahna's thinking has developed over the past few years. She has steadily added to the number of words and concepts that she knows. She recently developed the ability to reason logically about objects in her environment, and she can understand that other people have their own thoughts which are different from hers, both abilities that she did not have four years ago. Evaluate these examples of Ariahna's cognitive development in terms of continuous growth and discontinuous growth. In your response, include definitions and correct usage of the terms continuous growth, discontinuous growth, and stages.ANSWER: Continuous growth is change that is relatively constant and stable. Discontinuous growth is change that is more irregular and unstable, often progressing in "stages" (periods in which development changes dramatically). Ariahna's cognitive development shows evidence of both continuous and discontinuous growth. Her steady addition of more words and concepts has progressed in continuous pattern. Her development of new types of thought, such as logical thought and understanding of another's perspective, is a discontinuous qualitative change of thinking that would appear in stagelike development.learning_objective: c5073d3d-0974-47f5-ba8b-d83d8ca82041

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