Name: Class: Date: - TB6 1. America in the World, to 1650 Copyright ...

Name: Class: Date: TB6 1. America in the World, to 1650 Copyright MacmillanLearning. Poweredby Cognero.Page 1 1.Before Europeans came to the Americas, Indigenous women living in agricultural communities

• performed crucial tasks such as planting, harvesting, and processing food.
• were in charge of domestic chores while men worked in the fields.
• supplemented the food grown by the men by gathering berries.
• assisted the men during harvesting, but spent most of their time doing domestic chores.

ANSWER: a

2.How were relations between the sexes characterized in traditional Native American societies?

• Gender roles were well defined, and society was as patriarchal as in Europe.
• Men and women had distinct gender roles yet there was also social equality.
• Gender relations were very fluid, and women had superior status to men.
• Women had most of the political power and were seen as religious leaders.

ANSWER: b

3.Pueblo peoples were matrilocal, meaning that

• men left their mothers’ homes upon marriage to live with their wives’ families.
• women established family identity and rights to use the land in each clan.
• women, but not men, could end their marriages and choose new partners without stigma.
• women decided who would serve as clan chief and when those chiefs had to relinquish the position.

ANSWER: a

4.Why were the Iroquois unique among the Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodland region?

• The chiefs of the Iroquois were always women.
• They were the only tribe in the region to hunt buffalo.
• The Iroquois created an elaborate confederation to establish peace.
• There was no sexual division of labor among the Iroquois.

ANSWER: c

5.The Iroquois had a matrilineal system, meaning that

• lineage was generally traced through the father’s line.
• lineage was generally traced through the mother’s line.
• a woman was expected to live among her husband’s people.
• a man was expected to live among his wife’s people.

ANSWER: b

6.Indigenous women appeared sexually immoral to Europeans because they

• accompanied men on hunting trips.
• could have multiple husbands.
• preferred to marry European men.
• did not need to stay in unhappy marriages.

ANSWER: d

Through Women's Eyes An American History with Documents (Volume 1) 6e Ellen DuBois, Lynn Dumenil, Brenda Stevenson (Test Bank All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade) 1 / 4

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• European observers misunderstood Indigenous cultures and tended to view most Indigenous women as
• hostile and dangerous.
• immoral and sexually promiscuous.
• suitable and willing wives.
• sexually unattractive.

ANSWER: b

• In Pueblo ideology, which factors contributed to relatively egalitarian relationships between the sexes?
• Women’s sexual power and their role in food production
• Women’s influence in political and diplomatic matters
• Women’s dominance over trade and warfare
• Women’s performance of hard physical labor and control of land

ANSWER: a

• Prior to the arrival of Europeans, Indigenous societies
• lived in static, peaceful societies that rarely changed.
• regularly engaged in trade with one another.
• enjoyed a uniform culture that spread across the continent.
• made few distinctions between the roles of women and men.

ANSWER: b

• What type of political power did Indigenous women hold in most tribes?
• Because male chiefs had all of the power, women had little say in tribal matters.
• Women held economic power but had no say in political matters, such as trade and warfare.
• Women, particularly older women, were allowed to voice their opinions and participate in decision making.
• Most Indigenous women had no power, with the exception of the Pueblos, whose sachems were often female.

ANSWER: c

• The sexual division of labor in Iroquois tribes
• made women politically inferior to the men of the tribe.
• was similar to that in European society.
• meant that women were dominant in the village.
• left women to hunt and conduct trade while the men worked in the fields.

ANSWER: c

• Why did some Indigenous people cross gender lines and live as members of the opposite sex?
• They wanted the power of matriarchy.
• They wanted the power of patriarchy.
• They wanted to challenge traditional gender norms.
• They were spiritual individuals whose vision quest dictated they cross gender lines. 2 / 4

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ANSWER: d

• How did the Spanish monarchs fund Columbus’s voyage of exploration?
• Using wealth confiscated from the expelled Spanish Jews
• By the sale of Queen Isabella’s jewels
• Through a loan from Spanish Moors
• With gold raised through the sale of enslaved Africans

ANSWER: a

• Why is Malinche a controversial figure in Mexican history?
• Malinche betrayed the Spanish, leading to their defeat at the hands of the Aztecs.
• By marrying Cortés, she became the first Indigenous woman to reject her own people and marry a Spaniard.
• She dedicated herself to religious life and sought to convert her people to Catholicism.
• Malinche is seen as both the mother of the Mexican race and someone who betrayed Indigenous peoples.

ANSWER: d

• Marina de San Miguel was investigated by the Spanish Inquisition because she
• was a former Jew who converted to Christianity in Mexico.
• refused to relinquish her position as abbess of the first American convent.
• spoke out against the enslavement of Indigenous women.
• was economically and spiritually independent and influential in Mexico City.

ANSWER: d

• How were colonial French marriages to Indigenous women different from Spanish interactions with

Indigenous women?

• The Spanish only married white women and preferred to maintain Indigenous women as their concubines.
• French men integrated themselves into Indigenous culture, whereas Spanish men forced their Indigenous

wives to integrate into European culture.

• The French demanded that their Indigenous wives convert to Catholicism, whereas the Spanish allowed them

to retain Indigenous religions.

• Spanish men used their relations with Indigenous women to achieve alliances, whereas the French marriages

angered tribal leaders and led to warfare.

ANSWER: b

• How did the Protestant Reformation affect European women’s lives in the sixteenth century?
• Women gained new economic opportunities as old Catholic ideas restricting them to domestic duties were

overturned.

• In Protestant areas of Europe, most female religious orders closed, confining women to wifehood and

motherhood and denying them access to education and status.

• The Protestant Puritan religion swept over many Western European societies and placed greater restrictions

on sexual intimacy in marriage.

• Most Protestant churches accorded women a greater religious and political equality, ending the patriarchal

family in Protestant areas.

ANSWER: b

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• How did the advent of modern European capitalism affect European women’s lives in the sixteenth century?
• It made women economically subordinate to men and confined them to limited occupations.
• It freed them from their confinement as domestic laborers and opened economic opportunities outside the

home.

• It limited every European’s prospects for economic advancement, catalyzing emigration to the New World.
• It led to a dramatic fall in the birthrate, resulting in smaller families and longer life spans for women.

ANSWER: a

• Which role performed by some Indigenous women was most valuable to Spanish conquistadores?
• Cooks and laundresses
• Travel guides
• Military advisors
• Diplomatic aides

ANSWER: d

• Early Spanish exploration by Christopher Columbus was partly shaped by
• Ferdinand and Isabella’s desire to challenge the English in North America.
• Ferdinand and Isabella’s hunger for gold from the New World.
• Spanish eagerness to import Indigenous laborers to Spain.
• Isabella’s passion to spread Catholicism throughout the world.

ANSWER: d

• Why did many Spanish women see immigration to New Spain as a great opportunity during the middle of

the sixteenth century?

• The Catholic Church had less influence there and did not keep women tied to the home.
• The Spanish government promised grants of land to women who emigrated.
• They could better their position through advantageous marriages and easy inheritances.
• Male Spanish colonists had adopted Indigenous customs and abandoned the patriarchal family.

ANSWER: c

• How did French involvement in the fur trade affect Indigenous family and gender relationships?
• Women stopped working in the field and joined men on the hunt for furs.
• Men spent more time away from their families as the hunt for fur intensified.
• The French fur traders enslaved Indigenous women to skin and process the furs.
• Warfare between the French and Indigenous people led to the death of many males, disrupting families.

ANSWER: b

• Which group created “frontiers of exclusion” by pushing Indigenous people off their lands to establish

colonial settlements?

• The Spanish
• The Portuguese
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