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NCLEX-RN Style Exam: Pathophysiology (Ch. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 19)
Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.
- A client has a genetic mutation that prevents cellular apoptosis. Which of the following is the
- Dehydration
- Infection
- Cancer
- Hypoglycemia
most likely complication?
Answer: C
- A nurse is explaining cellular adaptation to a patient. Which is an example of hypertrophy?
- Uterine lining shedding
- Skeletal muscle enlargement from weight training
- Liver shrinking after alcohol damage
- Cervical cell dysplasia from HPV
Answer: B
- A patient presents with severe hypoxia. Which compensatory response will the body initiate?
- Decreased respiratory rate
- Decreased erythropoiesis
- Increased ATP production
- Increased red blood cell production
Answer: D
- Which cellular change is most associated with precancerous conditions?
- Atrophy
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Dysplasia
Answer: D
- / 4
- Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the swelling that occurs during acute
- Increased lymphatic drainage
- Vasoconstriction of arterioles
- Increased capillary permeability
- Red blood cell hemolysis
inflammation?
Answer: C
6. The nurse knows that the hallmark signs of inflammation include all EXCEPT:
- Redness
- Swelling
- Numbness
- Heat
Answer: C
7. A nurse caring for a burn patient knows that fluid shifts are caused by:
- Increased cardiac output
- Decreased capillary permeability
- Loss of protein through open wounds
- Vasoconstriction at the burn site
Answer: C
- Which lab result would the nurse expect in a patient with chronic inflammation?
- Decreased white blood cell count
- Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP)
- Low erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- Low neutrophils
Answer: B
- What is the primary function of mast cells in the immune response?
- Produce antibodies
- Present antigens to T cells
- Release histamine and other mediators 2 / 4
- Destroy infected cells
Answer: C
- Which patient would be at the highest risk for fluid volume excess?
- A patient with diarrhea
- A patient receiving IV 0.9% NaCl rapidly
- A patient with diabetes insipidus
- A patient with prolonged vomiting
Answer: B
- The nurse receives a patient with metabolic alkalosis. What is a possible cause?
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Chronic diarrhea
- Prolonged vomiting
- Respiratory failure
Answer: C
- Which arterial blood gas (ABG) value represents respiratory alkalosis?
- pH 7.48, PaCO₂ 28 mm Hg
- pH 7.35, PaCO₂ 45 mm Hg
- pH 7.29, HCO₃ 19 mEq/L
- pH 7.42, HCO₃ 24 mEq/L
Answer: A
- The nurse is reviewing an ABG with the following values: pH 7.31, PaCO₂ 51, HCO₃ 24.
- Metabolic alkalosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Respiratory acidosis
What is the interpretation?
Answer: D
- / 4
- Which of the following tumors would most likely be classified as benign?
- Adenocarcinoma
- Liposarcoma
- Osteoma
- Melanoma
Answer: C
15. A client asks what makes cancer cells different. The nurse responds:
- “They die more quickly than healthy cells.”
- “They grow in a regulated and limited manner.”
- “They have uncontrolled growth and abnormal differentiation.”
- “They do not use energy like normal cells.”
Answer: C
- A nurse is teaching about cancer warning signs. Which should be included?
- Loss of appetite after exercise
- Sudden change in vision during a cold
- A mole that becomes irregular in shape and color
- Muscle soreness after weight lifting
Answer: C
- Which cancer is associated with the Epstein-Barr virus?
- Cervical cancer
- Hodgkin lymphoma
- Lung cancer
- Prostate cancer
Answer: B
- What is the purpose of tumor suppressor genes?
- Promote cell division
- Trigger angiogenesis
- Prevent uncontrolled cell growth
- / 4
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