Neolithic people - First inhabitants of the area (England) Farming...

Beaker people Neolithic people 3,000 BC (New Stone Age) First inhabitants of the area (England) Farming, small round boats of wood and animal skin Small and dark Farming replaced hunting and gathering, settled life, stone tools1 1 2 2

• 2,400 BC (Bronze Age)

Round-headed people, Indo-European language Skilled in military, buried in individual graves, furnished with pottery beakers Made bronze tools Semi nomadic herders/farmers 1 / 4

The Celts Henges After c. 3,000 BC until c. 1,300 BC Centers of religious, political, and economic power Used for gatherings, rituals, and ceremonies Stonehenge was the most famous site (capital) Influence declined when Hill-forts of the farming class became dominant3 3 4 4

• 700 BC (Iron Age)

Tall, fair/red hair, ancestors of many Europeans Successful farmers, organised in tribes ruled by a warrior class and druids (priests) Skilled in working iron Influential culture and society in Europe during the Iron Age 2 / 4

Germanic tribes The Romans

55 BC - 409 AD

55 BC - Julius Caesar arrives in Britain 43 AD - Romans occupy Britain (by Claudius) 122 AD - Hadrian’s Wall is built Northern limit of Roman control 367 AD - Celts of Caledonia resist Northern tribes attack, Romans struggle 409 AD - Last Romans leave Britain

Significance: Romans introduced roads, towns,

baths, villas, Latin language, laws and trade network. 5 5 6 6

430 AD - 570 AD

430 AD - Germanic tribes begin migrating into Britain.

Jutes: Kent & southcoast

Angles: east & north midlands

Saxons: settled in between both

570 AD: They push the Celts west into Wales

Significance: established foundations for

Anglo-Saxon England, influenced language, culture and local kingdoms 3 / 4

Anglo-Saxons King Offa of Mercia & Witan

AD 757 - 796

King Offa ruled Mercia, one of the most powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdoms

Witan: King’s council, group of advisers helping

with making decisions on state affairs Advised on laws, taxes, and succession matters

Significance: early example of consultation

ingovernance, influenced later English political structures. 7 7 8

• 410 AD - 1066 AD

Shire Reeve: sheriff - King’s local administrator,

enforced laws and collected taxes

Manor: house/estate where taxes and rents

were paid, center of local economy

Fyrd: local army/militia, called up in times of

war

Aldermen: senior local officers of first lords in

local government. Advised the king and oversaw regions8

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