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Nephrolithiasis/Kidney Stones Awal Sher Khan Lecturer
INS-KMU
Learning Objectives •At the end of the session the learners will be able to ; •Define Nephrolithiasis/ Kidney .•Explain Pathophysiology of Nephrolithiasis .•Enlist Clinical Manifestations , Prevention and Complications •Develop Assessment and Diagnostic Findings •Discuss Medical Management for Nephrolithiasis.•Discuss Nursing Management of Nephrolithiasis.•Discharge and Home Care Guidelines
Description ❖Urolithiasis refers to stones (calculi) in the urinary tract.❖Stones are formed in the urinary tract when the urinary concentration of substances such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid increases.❖Stones vary in size from minute granular deposits to the size of an orange.❖Factors that favor formation of stones include infection, urinary stasis, and periods of immobility, all of which slow renal drainage and alter calcium metabolism.❖The problem occurs predominantly in the third to fifth decades and affects men more often than women
Pathophysiology ❖Presence of stones anywhere in the urinary tract ❖Most commonly found in the renal pelvis and calyces ❖Stones forming in the kidney—nephrolithiasis ❖Stones formed in the ureters—ureterolithiasis ❖May be single or multiple calculi, ranging in size from a grain of salt to the size of a pebble or staghorn calculus ❖Composition of calculi ❖Formed of mineral deposits—predominantly calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate ❖Uric acid, struvite, and cystine are also calculus formers
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