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NGN NCLEX RN Review
1. causes of hyperkalemia:
Answer:
Excessive K intake, IV K Infusions Decreased renal function K sparing diuretics -Aldactone,Dyrenium Metabolic Acidosis,Hypergylcemia Addisons disease Hemolysis, Chemotherapy Tissue damage, crush injuries, burns Drugs: Capotril,Cyclosporin, Heparin, Dig toxicity,Penicillin Salts, Beta Blockers
2. treatments for hyperkalemia:
Answer:
Potassium restriction IV sodium bicarb Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) Orally given every 4-6 hours and results occur in 1-2 hours Rectally given has a retention enema every 2-4 hours Enema removes K in 30-60 minutes Monitor labs and EKG
3. normal calcium levels:
Answer:
9.0-10.5 mEq/l
4. hypocalcemia:
Answer:
low calcium in blood Tetany Prolonged Q-T wave Anxiety Irritability Confusion Convulsions
5. causes of hypocalcemia:
Answer:
Dietary: Lack of Ca intake, Inadequate Vit D or lack
of protein, malabsorption Hypomagnesemia, Hyperphosphatemia
GI: Chronic Diarrhea
Pancreatitis Calcium Binders
6. treatments of hypocalcemia:
Answer:
Oral Calcium with Vit D bid 10% IV Calcium Gluconate in D5W Monitor serum Ca levels Monitor ECG, and Vital Signs Teach foods rich in Calcium
7. tetany:
Answer:
nervous disorders marked by intermittent spasms or tingling around mouth and hands and feet as well as muscle spasms of extremities and face
8. Chvostek's sign:
Answer:
a spasm of the facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve in the region of the parotid gland HYPOcalcemia
9. Trousseau's sign:
Answer:
a muscle spasm elicited by putting pressure on the upperarm HYPOcalcemia
10. hypercalcemia:
Answer:
high calcium Muscle weakness
Tiredness Lethargy Constipation, anorexia, N&V Depression Apathy Deep bone pain Calcium stones
11. causes of hypercalcemia:
Answer:
Increased PTH, Immobility Metastasis Neoplastic Disease -breast , prostate, melanomas, bone, others Cellular destruction, bone tumor Dietary increased calcium salts, or Vit D Diuretics, Thiazides Over use of Ca containing antacids
12. Normal Sodium level:
Answer:
135-145
13. Hyponatremia:
Answer:
low sodium in the blood
Chronic: Anorexia, Nausea, Emesis, Muscular, Weakness, Irritability
Severe: gait changes, stupor, seizures, coma
14. causes of hyponatremia:
Answer:
Causes of hyponatremia:
Diuretics-Thiazide Drugs Dietary Changes,Low Na diet, Excessive water intake with sweating Fad diets, Anorexia nervosa.GI vomiting, diarrhea, GI suctioning, Tap water enemas,diuretics, kidney disease
15. Treatments for hyponatremia:
Answer:
0.9% NaCl, accurate I&O, vitals (pulse), watch for signs of water intoxication, monitor blood gases, watch for respiratory difficulties
16. Hypernatremia: high sodium in the
blood Mild:
Answer:
thirst, rough dry tongue, dry sticky mucous membranes, tachycardia, fever, flushed dry skin
Severe: disorientation, hallucinations, lethargy, irritability, seizure, coma
17. causes of hypernatremia:
Answer:
Causes:
Dietary Changes-Excessive Salt intake Excessive IV Saline Deprivation of water GI Disorders (Watery Diarrhea) Decreased Renal Function Insensible Water Loss Heat Stroke Salt water drowning Head Injury Trauma
18. treatments for hypernatremia:
Answer:
restrict sodium intake, identify drugs that are sodium retaining, monitor Na levels daily, check for rales, edema in lower extremities, I&O, Urine specific gravity
19. urine specific gravity level:
Answer:
>1.015
20. normal potassium levels:
Answer:
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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