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NR 283 PATHO EXAM 2
ACTUAL EXAM WITH CORRECT SOLUTIONS.
Left sided heart failure - correct answer- 1. dysPnea, Shortness of breath
- Crackles
- Oliguria
- Frothy Sputum
- Displaced Apical Pulse (Hypertrophy)
right sided heart failure - correct answer- 1. Jugular Vein Distention
- Dependent Edema
- Weight Gain
- enlarged liver and spleen
- fatigue
- peripheral venous pressure
Signs and symptoms of congenital heart defects - correct answer- • Pallor and cyanosis • Tachycardia • Dyspnea on exertion and tachypnea • A squatting position, often seen in toddlers and older children 1 / 4
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• Clubbed fingers (thick, bulbous fingertips) developed in time • A marked intolerance for exercise and exposure to cold weather • Delayed growth and development
which valves are usually affected with valvular defects? - correct answer- aortic and pulmonary valves
What is stenosis? - correct answer- narrowing of a valve which restricts the forward flow of blood
What is valvular incompetence? - correct answer- failure of valve to close completely which causes the blood to regurgitates or leaks backward
Blood flow through the cardiac valves - correct answer- Tricuspid Pulmonic Mitral Aortic
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Hypertension is categorized into two categories: - correct
answer- primary-essential hypertension; idiopathic secondary- results from renal or disease or a benign tumor in the adrenal medulla. Can pinpoint cause
What areas are most frequently damaged by uncontrolled hypertension? - correct answer- chronic renal failure, stroke due to hemorrhage, loss of vision, or congestive heart failure.
Treatments of hypertension - correct answer- drug therapy- alpha and beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, mild diuretics. lifestyle changes, quit smoking, exercise, lower salt intake
signs and symptoms of hypertension - correct answer- - Frequently asymptomatic in early stages -Initial signs vague and non-specific -Fatigue, malaise, sometimes morning occipital headache
orthostatic hypotension - correct answer- Decrease in blood pressure related to positional or postural changes from lying to sitting or standing positions
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shock - correct answer- A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to enable every body part to perform its function
hypovolemic shock - correct answer- loss of circulating blood volume
cardiogenic shock - correct answer- Inability of heart to maintain cardiac output to circulation; heart is unable to pump properly
Vasogenic Shock - correct answer- Vasodilation owing to loss of sympathetic and vasomotor tone. caused by Pain and fear, spinal cord injury, hypoglycemia (insulin shock)
anaphylactic shock - correct answer- Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction.
septic shock - correct answer- Shock caused by severe infection, usually a bacterial infection.
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