NSG 533 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 3

NSG 533 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 3 Latest Update - Actual Exam 120 Questions and 100% Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed A+

(1) major hallmark of HTN - CORRECT ANSWER: Secrete less salt in urine

(10) Novel risk factors for CAD - CORRECT ANSWER: (1) Markers of Inflammation,

ischemia and thrombosis (c-reactive protein, troponin, fibrinogen) (2) Adipokines (adiponectin, leptin) (3) CKD (as GFR declines, risk for CAD increases) (4) Air Pollution and Ionizing Radiation (5) Medications (NSAIDS increase risk for CAD) (6) Coronary Artery Calcification and Carotid Artery Wall Thickness (7) Microbiome (diet/lifestyle) (8) Elevated Fibrinogen (inflammatory marker) (9) Elevated LDL particle number (cholesterol concentration within particles) (10) Small, dense LDLs (vs. large fluffy lipoprotein)

(12) Factors in the Development of HTN - CORRECT ANSWER: - Inflammation

• Obesity
• Insulin resistance
• Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)
• SNS Overactivity
• Baroreceptor dysfunction
• Excess Sodium Intake
• Renal Sodium Retention 1 / 4

• Peripheral Resistance
• Metabolic syndrome
• Hyperuricemia
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea

(3) Classes of Unstable angina - CORRECT ANSWER: - Class 1: New onset, severe or accelerated angina

• Class 2: Angina at rest, subacute (angina at rest within the preceding month, not within

the preceding 48hrs)

- Class 3: Angina at rest, acute. Angina at rest within the preceding 48hrs

(3) Diagnostic tests aimed at identifying unstable plaques before they rupture -

CORRECT ANSWER: (1) Intravascular ultrasound or MRI

(2) Angioscopy (3) Spectroscopy

(5) Common complications of MI - CORRECT ANSWER: (1) Heart failure (LV failure,

RV infarction) (2) Pericarditis (3) Papillary muscle rupture (4) Pericarditis (5) LV aneurysm

(5) Non-modifiable risk factors for CAD - CORRECT ANSWER: (1) Age

(2) Gender (3) Ethnicity (4) Family history (5) Genetic predisposition 2 / 4

(6) Traditional modifiable risk factors for CAD - CORRECT ANSWER: (1) Dyslipidemia (abnormal serum lipoproteins) (2) HTN (endothelial injury and myocardial hypertrophy) (3) Cigarette Smoking (endothelial injury and oxygen radicals) (4) Diabetes (endothelial injury and vessel wall damage) (5) Obesity/Sedentary Lifestyle (strongest link to CAD) (6) Atherogenic Diet (high in salt, fat, trans fat, carbs)

(8) Causes of dysrhythmias - CORRECT ANSWER: (1) Ischemia

(2) Hypoxia (3) ANS imbalances (4) Lactic acidosis (5) Electrolyte abnormalities (6) Alterations of impulse conduction pathways or conduction defects (7) Drug toxicity (8) Hemodynamic abnormalities

Advanced complicated lesion - CORRECT ANSWER: - Smooth muscle cells, numerous

macrophages, T-cells , often associated with lipid core and necrotic material

• Covered by a fibrous cap (smooth muscle cells surrounded by CT matrix)

• Thick cap - provides stability to the lesion

• Thin, non-uniform cap, macrophage-rich - lesion is unstable

• Thrombosis, hemorrhage, and/or calcification
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Afterload - CORRECT ANSWER: The resistance to ejection of blood from the left

ventricle

The load the muscle must move during contraction.

Ventricular afterload is the resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle

Resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood

Atherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER: - Progressive, multifactorial disease process

that generally begins in childhood; clinical manifestations occur in middle to late adulthood, that results in the variable composition of lesions

• High dietary intake of cholesterol and fats results in high levels of LDL in the

bloodstream. LDL oxidation, migration into the vessel wall, and phagocytosis by macrophages result in fatty deposits called plaques to form on the inner walls of the arteries

Atherosclerotic plaque/lesion - CORRECT ANSWER: - Likely to develop following

endothelial injury; areas of increased shear wall stress are especially vulnerable

Fatty streak → Fibrous-fatty plaque → Advanced complicated lesion

Blood Pressure = - CORRECT ANSWER: - Cardiac output x Peripheral resistance

-The pressure required to move blood through the circulatory bed provided by the pumping action of the heart (CO) and the tone of the arteries (PR)

Cardiac Output = - CORRECT ANSWER: heart rate x stroke volume (HR x SV)

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