NSG530 EXAM 4 WILKES NEWEST COMPLETE

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NSG530 EXAM 4 (WILKES) NEWEST COMPLETE

EXAM| ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 250 ACTUAL

EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED

ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED

A+|| BRAND NEW!!

When antibodies are formed against red blood cell antigens of the Rh system, how are the blood cells destroyed?

• Complement-mediated cell lysis
• Phagocytosis by macrophages
• Phagocytosis in the spleen
• Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products - Correct Answer - C

Antibodies against platelet-specific antigens or against red blood cell antigens of the Rh system coat those cells at low density, resulting in their preferential removal by phagocytosis in the spleen, rather than by complement-mediated lysis. These blood cells are not destroyed by complement-mediated cell lysis, phagocytosis by macrophages, neutrophil granules, or toxic oxygen products

When soluble antigens from infectious agents enter circulation, what is tissue damage a result of?

• Complement-mediated cell lysis
• Phagocytosis by macrophages
• Phagocytosis in the spleen 1 / 4

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• Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products - Correct Answer - D.

Of the options available, only the components of neutrophil granules as well as the several toxic oxygen products produced by these cells, damage the tissue.

Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) is an example of which type II hypersensitivity reaction?

• Modulation
• Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
• Neutrophil-mediated damage
• Complement-mediated lysis - Correct Answer - A. The antibody

reacts with the receptors on the target cell surface and modulates the function of the receptor by preventing interactions with their normal ligands, replacing the ligand and inappropriately stimulating the receptor or destroying the receptor. For example, in the hyperthyroidism (excessive thyroid activity) of Graves disease, autoantibody binds to and activates receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (a pituitary hormone that controls the production of the hormone thyroxine by the thyroid). Graves disease is not a result of cell-mediated cytotoxicity, neutrophil-mediated damage, or complement-mediated lysis.

A student asks the healthcare professional to describe exotoxins. Which statement by the professional is best?

• Exotoxins are contained in cell walls of gram-negative bacteria.
• Exotoxins are released during the lysis of bacteria.
• Exotoxins are able to initiate the complement and coagulation

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• Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth. - Correct Answer - D.

Exotoxins are proteins released during bacterial growth. Exotoxins are not contained in cell walls of gram-negative bacteria, released during lysis of bacterial, or able to initiate the complement and coagulation cascades.

A healthcare professional student is learning about fungal infections.What information should the student use to help another student understand?

• Fungal infections occur only on skin, hair, and nails.
• Phagocytes and T lymphocytes control fungal infections.
• Fungal infections release endotoxins.
• Vaccines prevent fungal infections. - Correct Answer - B. The host

defense against fungal infection includes the fungistatic properties of neutrophils and macrophages. T lymphocytes are crucial in limiting the extent of infection and producing cytokines to further activate macrophages. Fungi infect other tissue types such as vaginal or gastrointestinal. Fungi do not release endotoxins; they reside in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria. Fungal infections are not prevented by current vaccines.

Cytokines are thought to cause fevers by stimulating the synthesis of which chemical mediator?

• Leukotriene
• Histamine
• Prostaglandin 3 / 4

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• Bradykinin - Correct Answer - C. Cytokines seem to raise the

thermoregulatory set point through stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis and turnover in thermoregulatory (brain) and nonthermoregulatory (peripheral) tissues. Leukotrienes, histamine, and bradykinin are not directly related to fever production

After sexual transmission of HIV, how soon can lab results detect the infection?

• 1 to 2 days
• 4 to 10 days
• 4 to 8 weeks
• 2 to 4 months - Correct Answer - B. HIV RNA may be detected in the

plasma by about 4 to 10 days after an acute infection and HIV.

Which cells are primary targets for HIV?

• CD4+ Th cells only
• CD4+ Th cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells
• CD8-positive cytotoxic T (Tc) cells and plasma cells
• CD8-positive Tc cells only - Correct Answer - B. The primary cellular

targets for HIV include CD4+ Th cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The other cell types are not the primary target cells of HIV.

Which hormone prompts increased anxiety, vigilance, and arousal during a stress response?

• Norepinephrine
• Epinephrine
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