NU 545 Unit 1 Latest Update -

NU 545 Unit 1 Latest Update - Exam 105 Questions with 100% Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed A+ Verified by Professor

A patient reacts to a blood transfusion, what is this an example of? - CORRECT ANSWER: Alloimmunity: when an individual's immune system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other member of the same species. (pg 276)

After ovulation what happens to uterine endometrial cells? - CORRECT ANSWER:

Estrogen stimulates the endometrium to grow and thicken for reception of the fertilized ovum

After prolonged antibiotic therapy, what bacterium grows in the intestines? - CORRECT ANSWER: "Prolonged treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics can alter the normal intestinal microbiome, decreasing its protective activity and can lead to an overgrowth of opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms, such as the yeast Candida Albicans or the bacteria Clostridium difficile" (pg. 193)

After sexual transmission of HIV, a person can be infected yet seronegative for how

long? - CORRECT ANSWER: Seronegative = without antibodies; Antibodies can be

detected 18-90 days post infection

After the initial infection with herpes, why is the virus inaccessible to antibodies? -

CORRECT ANSWER: This cell-associated route of viral transmission is known as a

mechanism of immune evasion and used by HSV to move from infected cells to non- infected neighboring cells to facilitate infection. By this means the virus remains inaccessible to neutralizing antibodies. (pg 933-934)

Bacteria cannot multiply without? - CORRECT ANSWER: "Pathogenic microorganisms usually exist in reservoirs (a natural habitat where the microorganism can multiply), such as the environment, vertebrate animals or another human who is infected." (pg.

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"Stable colonization of bacteria requires adhesion. Many bacteria attach through pili (fimbriae), surface glycoproteins, or complement-related receptors." (pg. 320) "For many microorganisms the human body is a hospitable site in which to grow and flourish because of sufficient nutrients and appropriate conditions of temperature and humidity." (pg. 290)

Can insulin be used to treat hyperkalemia? - CORRECT ANSWER: Administration of

insulin and glucose helps facilitate cellular entry of potassium. (p118-119)

Cell membranes contain which major chemical components? - CORRECT ANSWER:

"The main components of cell membranes are lipids and proteins. The basic structure of cell membranes is the lipid bilayer..." pg 12

Do all cells continue to replicate and divide? - CORRECT ANSWER: No. For example, most of the neurons and skeletal muscle cells are in a terminally differentiated G0 state; with their cell cycle control system disassembled, the molecular regulatory switches become permanently turned off and cell division rarely occurs (p. 37)

Do androgens affect lymphocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER: Androgens suppress both T-

and B-cell responses (pg. 338)

Does estrogen affect lymphocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER: Estrogens generally are

associated with a depression of T-cell-dependent immune function and an enhancement of B-cell functions. (pg. 338)

During acidosis how does the body compensate for increase in hydrogen ions? - CORRECT ANSWER: In respiratory acidosis - the increased levels of CO2 stimulate the kidneys to compensate to retain bicarb (HCO3) to buffer all of the excess hydrogen ions to normalize the pH In metabolic acidosis - the lowered pH stimulates the lungs to compensate by hyperventilation which decreases the levels of CO2 and bicarb Pg. 125/128 2 / 3

During an IgE hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated? - CORRECT

ANSWER: Mast cells (pg 263-265)

During cell injury caused by hypoxia, what happens to osmotic pressure? - CORRECT

ANSWER: The increase of intracellular sodium concentration increases osmotic

pressure which draws more water into the cell pg 84

During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular autodigestion? - CORRECT ANSWER: Lysosomes aid in cellular digestion, seen as "trash cans and recycling agents" "as cells complete their life span and die, lysosomes digest...the debris...Lysosomes involved in this process of autodigestion are called autolysosomes or autophagomes (pg 7-8).

During the response to stress what decreases lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages

and prostaglandin? - CORRECT ANSWER: Cortisol

Graves disease - CORRECT ANSWER: Most common form of hyperthyroidism, more

commonly in women. Caused by thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins that stimulate thyroid TSH receptors, resulting in thyroid hyperplasia and increased synthesis of TH.

S/S can include: diffuse thyroid enlargement, skin disorders, enlargements of

extraocular enlargement, orbital fat accumulation, and pretibial myxedema (swelling of legs and hands), and exophthalmos (ocular edema caused by autonomic nervous system and by immune-induced infiltration of extraocular muscles. (pg 726, 760)

How are vaccines against viruses made? - CORRECT ANSWER: The purpose of

vaccines is to promote active immunity as to reduce the risk of contracting an infection and reduce morbidity/mortality of infection. Does not last as long as infection-induced immunity, but immunization protocols are made to produce a large number of memory cells and a protective secondary immune response. (Page 318-319; power point page 48) Attenuated Vaccines: contain live viruses that are weakened. They express enough of the appropriate antigen and are unable to establish more than a mild and limiting infection (except in those whose immune systems are deficient or suppressed). They

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