NUR 339 EXAM 3 - Normal cellular genes that regulate cell prolif...

NUR 339 EXAM 3

• What are protooncogenes?

Normal cellular genes that regulate cell prolifera- tion and differentiation that can become oncogenes

• What are oncogenes?

Genes that cause cancer

• What are tumor suppressor genes?

"Anti-oncogenes" that protect cells on path to cancer genes that normally prevent cell division

• What is carcinogenesis?

When normal cells are transformed into cancer cells

• What is neoplasia?

Formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue

• Describe benign tumors

-Noncancerous

-Cells resemble normal cells -Doesn't metastasize -Local effects -Slow growth -Limited loss of function and death

• Describe malignant tumors 1 / 4

-Cancerous

-Do not resemble normal cells -Metastasizes -Generalized body effects (not local) -Fast growth -Tissue damage and death if not treated

• What is the first step of carcinogenesis?

Initiation (changes in cell DNA, caused by carcinogens)

• Describe the second step of carcinogenesis

Promotion (expansion of initiated cells)

-From repeated exposure to promoting agents (cocarcinogens) -Reversible if promoting agent removed

• At what stage of carcinogenesis can cancer still be stopped or reversed?-

At the second stage, cancer is reversible if the promoting agent is removed

• Describe proliferation

Neoplasia (uncontrolled growth with no physiologic de- mand, seen in malignant cells)

• What are some examples of viral/bacterial carcinogens and examples of them?

Viruses/bacteria (h.pylori)

• What are some examples of physical agent carcinogens and examples of them?

Physical agents (uv light, radiation) 2 / 4

• What are some examples of chemical agent carcinogens and examples of them?

Chemical agents (tobacco, pesticides, asbestos)

• What are some examples of hematologic neoplasias?

Bone and lymph tissue

Ex. leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma

• Which type of neoplasm is from epithelial tissues?

Carcinoma (skin and soft body tissue like mucous membranes and viscera)

• Which type of neoplasm is from connective tissues?

Sarcoma (everything other than skin and soft body tissue like bone, muscle, cartilage, fat)

• What is staging?

-TNM (tumor, lymph nodes, metastasis)

-T

1-4, N

0-3, M

0-1

• What is grading?
• / 4

-Grade I through IV

-Grade I is well differentiated, grade IV is poorly differentiated

• What are the clinical manifestations of cancer?

-Weight loss

-Anorexia -Anemia -Clotting or bleeding -Pain -Immunosuppression -Infection

• What is the difference between control and palliative care?

-Control

pro- longed survival and containment of malignant growth

-Palliative

relief of symptoms and maintain quality of life

• Where are cancer drugs metabolized and excreted?

Metabolized in the liver excreted in the urine

• Where do alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide) work in the cell cycle?

-

Cell cycle nonspecific?

• How do alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide) work?
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