NUR 339 Final Exam - Answer Inflammatory response to injury to vascu...

NUR 339 Final Exam

• What is atherosclerosis?

Answer Inflammatory response to injury to vascular endothelium

• How is atherosclerosis formed?

Answer -Injury attracts macrophages to area which digest and transport lipids to the arterial wall forming fatty streaks

-Fibrous capsule forms over lipids (plaque) -Plaque protrudes into artery

• How does atherosclerosis contribute to CV disease?

Answer -Narrowing of the artery (plaque buildup)

-More likely for clots to build up

• What is the function of cholesterol?

Answer Used for hormone synthesis and cell membrane formation

• Where does cholesterol come from?

Answer Liver and food

• What do LDLs do?

Answer Transports cholesterol and triglycerides into the cell and arterial walls (bad cholesterol)

• What do HDLs do? 1 / 4

Answer -Transports cholesterol away from the arterial walls (good cholesterol)

-Moves cholesterol to liver for excretion

• What are triglycerides?

Answer -Stored in adipose tissue

-Used for energy -Increase after meals, with diabetes, alcohol, stress, obesity

• What is the relationship between triglycerides and LDLs?

Answer Direct correlation

• What should you teach patients that are scheduled to get a lipid panel done?

Answer Fast before test

• What are some examples of modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis?

Answer -

-Diet -Exercise -Smoking -High cholesterol -HTN -Diabetes -Obesity

• What are some examples of nonmodifiable risk factors of atherosclero- sis?

Answer -Family history/genetics 2 / 4

-Age

-Gender

Answer men > women

-Race

Answer higher in african americans

-Premature menopause -Preeclampsia

• What is the definition of ischemia?

Answer -Vessel partially occluded (inadequate blood and oxygen supply)

-Damage is reversible if oxygen supply restored (medication or rest)

• What is the definition of infarction?

Answer -Vessel totally occluded (no blood or oxygen supply, blocked by thrombus)

-Permanent damage, not reversible

• What are the two parts that the left coronary artery (LCA) splits into?

Answer Left anterior descending (LAD) and the circumflex

• What is an echocardiogram used for?

Answer -Ultrasound of the heart

-Size, shape, motion of cardiac structures -Shows direction and velocity of blood flow 3 / 4

• What is a stress test used for?

Answer Evaluate for cardiac ischemia and myocardial oxygen demands

• What is radiology used for?

Answer -After MI to determine extent of damage

-Along with stress test

• What is a cardiac catheterization used for?

Answer Diagnose heart disease and diseases of blood vessels

• What are the post procedure nursing interventions for a cardiac catheter- ization?

Answer -Bed rest for 2-6 hours

-Assess lower extremity temp and color -Push fluids to prevent CIN

• What is the definition of ejection fraction?

Answer The percent of blood pumped out of the LV each time it contracts

• What is considered normal ejection fraction?

Answer

55-70%

• What does it mean if you have a low ejection fraction?

Answer Sign of poor LV function

• What stimulates positive and negative chronotropy, dromotropy, and in- otropy?
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