oria Fromkin Late - Answer Key An Introduction to Language 10e 7978...

Vic t oria Fromkin (Late) r obert r odman n ina hyams Prepared by Brook Danielle Lillehaugen Answer Key An Introduction to Language 10e 79783_fm_ptg01_i-iv.indd 120/02/13 10:35 AM 1 / 4

iii Contents Chapter 1 What is Language? 1 Chapter 2

Morphology: The Words of Language 10

Chapter 3

Syntax: The Sentence Patterns of Language 20

Chapter 4 The Meaning of Language 45 Chapter 5

Phonetics: The Sounds of Language 62

Chapter 6

Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language 70

Chapter 7 Language in Society 81 Chapter 8

Language Change: The Syllables of Time 92

Chapter 9 Language Acquisition 104 Chapter 10 Language Processing and the Human Brain 110 Chapter 11 Computer Processing of Human Language 124 Chapter 12

Writing: The ABCs of Language 130

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1 ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Chapter 1

• Sound sequences. Any word that conforms to the sound pattern of English

is a correct answer. For example:

Bliting: bl as in blood, iting as in lighting

Krame: kr as in cream, ame as in aim

Swirler: sw as in swim, irl as in girl, er as in rider

Kristclean: kr as in cream, i as in pit, st as in street, clean as in clean

Atla: as in atlas

Oxfo: ox as in ox, fo as in foe

Existing English words as names of new products are also acceptable: for

example, Kleen or Clean as the name of a laundry soap.

• Grammaticality judgments. The following sentences are ungrammatical,

but note that some judgments may vary across dialects:

• *Robin forced the sheriff go.

The word to is missing in front of the verb go. The verb force requires a to infinitive in the embedded clause.

• *He drove my house by.

Particles are preposition-like words that occur with verbs such as look, as in look up the number or look over the data. Particles can occur

after their direct object: look the number up; look the data over. True

prepositions do not behave this way. He ran up the stairs is grammati- cal, but *He ran the stairs up is not. The by in He drove by my house functions as a preposition and may not occur after the direct object.

• *Did in a corner little Jack Horner sit?

You cannot turn a statement that begins with a prepositional phrase into a question. While you can form a question from Little Jack Horner sat in a corner with Did little Jack Horner sit in a corner, you cannot question the sentence In a corner little Jack Horner sat.

• *Elizabeth is resembled by Charles.

The verb resemble does not occur in passive sentences.

• *It is eager to love a kitten.

If the pronoun it refers to an animate (nonhuman) thing (e.g., a dog), the sentence is grammatical. If the word it is a “dummy subject,” as 79783_ch01_ptg01_001-009.indd 115/02/13 10:47 AM 3 / 4

2 ©2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.in It’s easy to love a kitten, the sentence is ungrammatical because the adjective eager must have a referential subject.

• *That birds can fly flabbergasts.

Flabbergast is a transitive verb: it requires a direct object. Compare

That birds can fly flabbergasts John.

• *Has the nurse slept the baby yet?

The verb sleep is intransitive: it cannot take a direct object (in this

case, the baby ).

• *I was surprised for you to get married.

The clause following the adjective surprised cannot be in the infini- tive form, e.g., to get.

• *I wonder who and Mary went swimming.

This “question” is derived from the more basic sentence Someone and Mary went swimming. The coordinate structure constraint (see Chapter 3 for mention, but not a complete description) requires co- ordinate structures to be treated as a whole, not in part. So it is un- grammatical in most, but not all dialects of English, to ask *Who and Mary went swimming? because there is an attempt to question one part, but not the other part, of the coordinate structure. This also explains the ungrammatical nature of *I wonder who and Mary went swimming with similar caveats about dialectal and idiolectal variation.

• *Myself bit John.

Reflexive pronouns like myself, yourself, herself, themselves, etc., do not occur as subjects of sentences but only as objects, e.g., John hurt himself.

• *What did Alice eat the toadstool and?

A wh- phrase cannot be moved from inside a coordinate structure (e.g., the toadstool and the fungi) to form a wh - question.

3. Onomatopoeic words. Sample answers:

swish—what you do when you ski thunk—the sound of a baseball hitting a mitt scrunge—the sound of a sponge wiping a table glup—the sound made when you swallow squeeng—the sound made when you pluck a taut elastic band

4. Nonarbitrary and arbitrary signs. Sample answers:

a. Nonarbitrary signs:

• a picture of a knife and fork indicating a restaurant • the wheelchair sign that indicates disabled persons such as is used to reserve parking 79783_ch01_ptg01_001-009.indd 215/02/13 10:47 AM

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