Part 1: Answers to the R

Solutions Manual For Economics 12 th Global Edition By Michael Pa rkin (All C hapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade)

Part 1: Answers to the R

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© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.A n s w e r s t o t h e R e v i e w Q u i z Page 40 1.List some examples of the scarcity that you face.Examples of scarcity common to students include not enough income to afford both tuition and a nice car, not enough learning capacity to study for both an economics exam and a chemistry exam in one night, and not enough time to allow extensive studying and extensive socializing.

2.Find examples of scarcity in today’s headlines.A headline in The Sacramento Bee on May 6, 2014 was “Sleep Train Kicks Off Annual ‘Clothing Drive for Foster Kids’.” The story points out that these children face scarcity because “foster children typically arrive in a foster home with just the clothes on their back.” Accordingly, the charity group Sleep Train is looking for donations to provide foster children with more clothing, which means that the foster family will need to provide less clothing.

3.Find an example of the distinction between microeconomics and macroeconomics in today’s headlines.Microeconomics: On May 6, 2014 a headline in The New York Times was “Bayer Buys Merck’s Consumer Business for $14.2 Billion.” This story covers a microeconomic topic because it discusses how two pharmaceutical firms have decided to transfer ownership of the unit producing over-the-counter consumer products for Merck. Macroeconomics: On May 6, 2014, a headline in The Wall Street Journal was “U.S. Trade Gap Narrows as Demand Grows Here and Abroad.” This story covers a macroeconomic topic because it concerns the total amount of international trade in the entire economy.Page 45 1.Describe the broad facts about what, how, and for whom goods and services are produced.What gets produced is significantly different today than in the past. Today the U.S. economy produces more services, such as medical operations, teaching, and hair styling, than goods, such as pizza, automobiles, and computers. How goods and services are produced is by businesses determining how the factors of production, land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship, are combined to make the goods and services we consume. Land includes all natural resources, both renewable natural resources such as wood, and nonrenewable natural resources such as natural gas. Labor’s quality depends on people’s human capital. In the U.S. economy, human capital obtained through schooling has increased over the years with far more people completing high school and attending college than in past years. Finally, for whom are goods and services to be produced depends on the way income is distributed to U.S.citizens. This distribution is not equal; the 20 percent of people with the lowest income earn about 5 percent of the nation’s total income while the 20 percent of people with the highest incomes earn about 50 percent of total income. On the average, men earn more than women, whites more than non- whites, and college graduates more than high school graduates.1

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2.Use headlines from the recent news to illustrate the potential for conflict between self-interest and the social interest.One example of an issue concerns the income necessary to live in an apartment building in San Francisco. A May 5, 2014 headline from The San Francisco Chronicle was “S.F. Landlord: Make $100K or Get Out.” This story discusses an owner’s attempt to make the tenants prove that their annual income is at least $100,000. The owner is following his self-interest because he wants to have only high-income residents who, presumably, create less damage and might be willing to pay more rent. The head of San Francisco’s Housing Rights Committee, Sara Shortt, believes that the requirement is not in the social interest. She asserts that the effort “definitely reads like a harassment tactic” and that the effort to force tenants to move is illegal. She believes that the social interest is served by having a variety of tenants in the apartments.Page 48 1.Explain the idea of a tradeoff and think of three tradeoffs that you have made today.A tradeoff reflects the point that when someone gets one thing, something else must be given up. What is given up is the opportunity cost of whatever is obtained. Three examples of tradeoffs that are common to students include: a) When a student sleeps in rather than going to his or her early morning economics class, the student trades off additional sleep for study time. The opportunity cost of the decision is a lower grade on the exam. b) When a student running late for class parks his or her car illegally, the student trades off saving time for the risk of a ticket. The potential opportunity cost of the decision is the goods and services that cannot be purchased if the student receives an expensive parking ticket. c) A student trades off higher income by spending time during the day working at a part-time job for less time spent at leisure time and study. The opportunity cost for the higher income is less leisure and lower grades in classes.

2.Explain what economists mean by rational choice and think of three choices that you’ve made today that are rational.A rational choice is one that compares the costs and benefits of the different actions and then chooses the action that has the greatest benefit over cost for the person making the choice. Three rational choices made by students include: a) The choice to skip breakfast to go to class. In this case the benefit is the higher grade in the class and the cost is the breakfast forgone. b) The choice to stop talking with a friend on the phone and start studying for an impending exam. In this case the benefit is the resulting higher grade in the class and the cost is the conversation forgone. c) The choice to do laundry today rather than watch television. In this case the benefit is the fact the student will have clean clothes to wear and the cost is the loss of the entertainment the television show would have provided.

3.Explain why opportunity cost is the best forgone alternative and provide examples of some opportunity costs that you have faced today.When a decision to undertake one activity is made, often many alternative activities are no longer possible. Often these activities are mutually exclusive so only the highest valued alternative is actually forgone. For instance, the decision to go to a student’s 8:30 AM class eliminates the possibility of sleeping in during the hour and of jogging during the hour. But in this case, it is impossible to both sleep in and to jog during the hour, so the opportunity cost cannot be both activities. What is lost is only the activity that otherwise would have been chosen—either sleeping in or jogging—which is whatever activity would have been chosen, that is, the most highly valued of the forgone alternatives. For students, attending class, doing homework, studying for a test are all activities with opportunity costs. 3 / 4

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4.Explain what it means to choose at the margin and illustrate with three choices at the margin that you have made today.Choosing at the margin means choosing to do a little more or a little less of some activity. Three common examples students encounter are: a) When a student faces a chemistry and an economics final exam in one day, the student must determine whether spending the last hour studying a little more chemistry or a little more economics will yield a better contribution (marginal benefit) to his or her overall GPA. b) A college student buying a computer must decide whether the marginal benefit of adding 1 GB of additional memory is worth the marginal cost of the additional memory. c) A student football fan with a choice of a cheap seat in the student bleachers located at the far end of the playing field or a more expensive seat located on the 30 yard line must determine whether the marginal benefit of watching the game from a better seat is worth the marginal cost of the higher ticket price.

5.Explain why choices respond to incentives and think of three incentives to which you have responded today.People making rational decisions compare the marginal benefits of different actions to their marginal costs. Therefore people’s choices change when their incentives, that is the marginal benefit and/or marginal cost, of the choice changes. Just as everyone else, students respond to incentives; a) A student studies because of the incentives offered by grades. b) A student is more likely to attend a class if attendance is factored into the grade. c) A student might attend a meeting of a club if the student’s significant other is eager to attend the meeting.Page 49 1.Distinguish between a positive statement and a normative statement and provide examples.A positive statement is a description of how the world is. It is testable. A normative statement is a description of how the world ought to be. It is, by its very nature, not testable because there is no universally approved criterion by which the statement can be judged. “I will receive an A for this course,” is a positive statement made by an economics student—it might not be true, but it is testable.“I will receive a good grade for this course,” is a normative statement. Whether someone agrees with it depends on his or her interpretation of what makes for a “good” grade.

2.What is a model? Can you think of a model that you might use in your everyday life?A model is a description of some aspect of the economic world. It includes only those features that are necessary to understand the issue under study. An economic model is designed to reflect those aspects of the world that are relevant to the user of the model and ignore the aspects that are irrelevant. A typical model is a GPS map. It reflects only those aspects of the real world that are relevant in assisting the user in reaching his or her destination and avoids using information irrelevant to travel.

3.How do economists try to disentangle cause and effect?Economists use models to understand some aspect of the economic world. Testing the predictions of models makes it necessary to disentangle cause and effect. To overcome this problem, economists have three methods of testing their models: Using a natural experiment, using a statistical investigation, and using economic experiments. A natural experiment is a situation that arises in the ordinary course of life in which one factor being studied varies and the other factors are the same. This method allows the economist to focus on the effect from the factor that differs between the two situations. A statistical investigation looks for correlations between variables but then determining whether the correlation actually reflects causation can be difficult. An economic experiment puts people into decision making situations and then varies the relevant factors one at a time to determine each factor’s effect.

4.How is economics used as a policy tool?Individuals, businesses, and governments use economics as a policy tool. Individuals use the economic ideas of marginal benefit and marginal cost when making decisions for such topics as attending college, paying cash or credit for a purchase, and working. Businesses also use the concepts of marginal benefit and marginal cost when making decisions about what to produce, how to produce, and even how many hours to stay open. Finally governments also use marginal benefit and marginal cost when deciding issues such as the level of property taxes, the amount to fund higher education, or the level of a tariff on Brazilian ethanol.

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