Patho 241 Exam 2 Newest Update Actual Exam

pg. 1 Patho 241 Exam 2 Newest Update Actual Exam Questions with Correct Detailed Answers (Verified Answers) Graded A+

what should you do to raise CO2 level in bloodstream? - Correct Answer - hold your breath

What should you do to lower CO2 level in bloodstream? - Correct Answer - hyperventilate

HCO3 - Correct Answer - bicarbonate -controlled by kidneys -changes occur slowly

3 buffer systems include: - Correct Answer - -bicarbonate buffer system

-phosphate buffer system -Hemoglobin buffer system

Bicarbonate buffer system - Correct Answer - weak acid: carbonic acid

weak base: sodium bicarbonate

The normal immune response protects the body, but hypersensitivity reactions result in:

• Correct Answer - tissue injury and disease

Type 1 Hypersensitivity reactions - Correct Answer - -IgE mediated -atopic and non atopic reactions

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pg. 2 Atopic Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions: - Correct Answer - Common allergies: -allergic rhinitis -allergic asthma -food allergies

Non-atopic Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions: - Correct Answer - -anaphylaxis

-hives -angioedema

during anaphylaxis, plasma cell produces IgE antibodies (reagin) with help from: - Correct Answer - T lymphocytes

Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions: - Correct Answer - Cytotoxic disorders

-antibody mediated (IgG and IgM)

Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity reactions - Correct Answer - - blood transfusion reactions -hemolytic disease of the newborn -some drug reactions

Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions: - Correct Answer - Immune Complex disorders

-antigen-antibody complexes activate the complement system -Serum sickness

Serum Sickness - Correct Answer - -type of type 3 hypersensitivity reaction (immune complex disorder) -can occur with antibiotics, food, drugs, insect venoms

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pg. 3 Mechanism of Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions: - Correct Answer - 1. antigen antibody complex forms in blood

• deposits itself in tissues

activation of complement attracts neutrophils to those tissues

• tissue destruction occurs
• enzymes and free radicals are released

Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions: - Correct Answer - Delayed hypersensitivity

-cell mediated

Ex:

-tuberculin test -Poison Ivy

Examples of Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions: - Correct Answer - -TB test

-poison Ivy

Mechanism of type 4 hypersensitivity reactions: - Correct Answer - 1. exposure to hasten with formation of complete antigen

• recognition and processing of antigen by antigen processing cell (APC)
• migration of APC to lymph nodes where antigens are presented to T cells
• Release of cytokines that stimulate proliferation of T cells and activate macrophages
• activated T cells and macrophages migrate to epidermis, release inflammatory

mediators, and cause cell destruction

Autoimmune mechanisms: - Correct Answer - -failure of self-tolerance

-molecular mimicry -heredity -gender

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pg. 4 Loss of self- tolerance leads to: - Correct Answer - -humoral or cellular immune response against host tissue or antigens -localized or systemic injury

Risk factors for autoimmune disorders: - Correct Answer - -Genetic predisposition -Estrogen -Foreign antigen closely resembling a self antigen

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Correct Answer - SLE -chronic multisystem inflammatory disease (Major rheumatic disease)

-unpredictable course of exacerbations and remissions -increasing incidence -affects > 500,000 in US

Risk factors for SLE - Correct Answer - -genetic predisposition -gender -race -environmental infections

Pathophysiology of SLE: - Correct Answer - -idiopathic

-autoimmune reaction directed toward cell nuclei esp. DNA -B cell hyperactivity -Autoantibodies bind to antigens forming immune complexes -Complement is activated -immune complexess and complement activation within vessel walls (lupus vasculitis)

lupus vasculitis - Correct Answer - immune complexes and complements are activated within blood vessel walls

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