patients more susceptible to infections? Choose 2 answers

1

PASS Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream? - ANSWER Oncotic

Oncotic - ANSWER a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins

In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is, therefore, a primary determinant of oncotic pressure - ANSWER albumin

_____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume - ANSWER Albumin

One question was about the difference in children and adult immunity -

ANSWER Possible answer: naive T cells

Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make children and older adult patients more susceptible to infections? Choose 2 answers

Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection

Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells

Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection

Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells

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2

Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells - ANSWER Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection

Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells

Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many pathogens, which means that they have fewer memory cells than adults. The primary immune response is relatively weak compared to a secondary response mediated by memory cells.

Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to younger patients. When these patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives clonal selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be effective.

Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - ANSWER osmoreceptors

Fluid deficit causes - ANSWER -Excessive loss -Inadequate intake -Or combination of both

Fluid deficit risk factors - ANSWER -Vomiting/diarrhea -Excessive sweating -Insufficient water intake

Fluid deficit manifestations - ANSWER -dry mucous membranes -decreased skin turgor -decreased urine output -low blood pressure -tachycardia 2 / 4

3

-confusion

ROME for ABGs - ANSWER Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal

If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2 levels that are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature

Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation help to maintain a blood pH of

_______ - ANSWER 7.35-7.45

A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and a blood pH of

7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does the patient have?

Metabolic alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis - ANSWER Metabolic alkalosis

The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the same direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2

To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The body utilizes 3 buffer systems: - ANSWER proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is _____, second line of defense is _____ - ANSWER respirations; kidneys

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4

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation - ANSWER The equation moves in both directions

CABS Equation:

When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves ________, forming more H+ and HCO3- ions - ANSWER toward the right

CABS Equation:

When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves _____, as H+ ions are converted to CO2 and the CO2 is exhaled. - ANSWER toward the left

CO2 levels - ANSWER 35-45

HCO3 levels - ANSWER 22-26

Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.

His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.

His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.

His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.

His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier for Ca+ to bind to albumin.

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