PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH

Instructor’s Manual for Social Problems Eighth Edition By John J. Macionis Part 2: Ch 9-18: 4-241 Part 1: Ch 1-8: 242-787 1 / 4

Macionis, Social Problems, 8/e 1 © 2020, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 9

PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH

IM CHAPTER CONTENTS

Chapter Update Author’s Note Chapter Outline Learning Objectives Detailed Teaching Objectives

John’s Chapter Close-Up: Tracking the Trends

John’s Personal Video Selection Research for a Cutting-Edge Classroom Supplemental Lectures, Teaching Suggestions, Student Exercises, and Projects Web Links Essay Questions Film List

CHAPTER UPDATE

The changes in Chapter 9 of this revision begin with a substantially revised discussion of the latest policies and trends in the U.S. health care system including changes under the Trump administration. There is also a major update to the discussion of HIV and AIDS in the United States and around the world.There are updates on longevity in the United States, including analysis by race, class, and gender. New data on obesity are included as well as new data on the links between poverty and health. The latest data also support discussion of infant mortality in the United States and Part 2 2 / 4

Macionis, Social Problems, 8/e 2

© 2020, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.globally. In addition new data on earnings of nurses and physicians in this country are presented; finally, there are updates to the discussion of mental health on the campus.

AUTHOR’S NOTE

“Health” is something all understand but it is a concept difficult to measure. The chapter defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and emotional well-being. This definition suggests that health has various dimensions involving not only our bodies but also our state of mind and even our feelings. In addition, as the chapter explains, health is understood in the context of a society’s cultural standards, which change over time.

Among the best measures that we might use to assess health are the following:

• Life expectancy: based on the simple argument that living longer means having better health. National Map 9–1 on shows life expectancy for counties across the United States.• Infant mortality: based on the claim that where children die, people do not have much human security. Many health experts consider infant mortality the best single quantitative measure of a nation’s health. Global data on infant mortality are found in Global Map 9–1.This chapter provides a global survey of health that leads to these conclusions: • Economic development matters: Low-income nations have shorter life expectancy and higher infant mortality.• Poverty threatens human health: Poverty means lack of nutrition, unsafe water, a high level of infectious diseases, high risk of HIV/AIDS, and a dangerous environment.• Nations have different systems to pay the costs of health care. How capitalist or socialist an economy is has a lot to do with how these costs are paid.The chapter also provides a close-up look at the health care system in the United States. Key

discussion points include the following: 3 / 4

Macionis, Social Problems, 8/e 3 © 2020, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.•High costs of health care •Who pays the costs?•Differences in health by class, ethnicity, race, and gender The remaining part of the chapter deals with mental health and mental illness. This discussion identifies types of mental disorders, critiques the concept of mental illness, and describes the extent of mental illness with regard to class, race, and gender. Various treatment strategies are discussed, and campus mental health is surveyed.Finally, sociological theory is applied to health issues, and political analysis of problems and solution concludes the chapter.

CHAPTER OUTLINE

Health and Illness: A Global Perspective

9.1 Contrast patterns of human health in high- and low-income countries.•Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.•High-Income Nations oOn average, people living in rich nations in North America, Western Europe, and Japan are far healthier than those living in poor countries.oInfant mortality rate is the number of babies, of every 1,000 born, who die before their first birthday.oLife expectancy at birth is the number of years, on average, people in a society can expect to live.oChronic disease is an illness that has a long-term development.oIn most respects, being affluent is a lot better for human health than being poor.But a higher standard of living does carry some health dangers of its own.•Low-Income Nations oPoor nutrition is one important factor that leaves low-income people—especially children—vulnerable to disease. Another is the lack of safe drinking water, which exposes poor people to disease-causing microorganisms.oIn poor nations, people typically die at any time in the life course from an acute disease, an illness that strikes suddenly.

•Rich and Poor Compared: The AIDS Epidemic

oSocial epidemiology is the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society’s population.oAn epidemic is the rapid spreading of a disease through a population.

oAIDS: The Global View

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