Preventive Care Latest Update Questions Answers

ABFM + KSA Health Counseling and Preventive Care (Latest Update 2025 / 2026) Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct (Verified Answers)

Question:

You are counseling a 62-year-old male about colon cancer screening and he asks you about fecal DNA testing as an option. You find an article that says that the first-generation fecal DNA test has a sensitivity of 20% and a specificity of 96% for "screen-relevant" neoplasms. You are interested in the likelihood ratio of a positive test in this scenario.Which one of the following is the positive likelihood ratio of this test?

• 0.76
• 0.833
• 1.2
• 5.0

Answer:

D

Likelihood ratios indicate the probability that a patient has a disease with a positive test. Unlike positive and negative predictive values, likelihood ratios do not change with the prevalence of the disease in a given population. A 1 / 4

likelihood ratio of 1 indicates that a positive test does not change the likelihood of the disease, and the higher the likelihood ratio is above 1, the more likely it is that a test rules in a disease. The positive likelihood ratio is equal to the sensitivity of the test divided by one minus the specificity. In the example given in this question, dividing 0.20 by 1.0 - 0.96 yields a positive likelihood ratio of 5.0. The negative likelihood ratio is calculated by one minus the sensitivity divided by the specificity.

Question:

A 54-year-old male asks for a prescription for zolpidem (Ambien) to help him sleep. He has had trouble falling asleep and staying asleep for the last 4 weeks.He believes he is getting about 6 hours of sleep per night and feels tired towards the end of his workday. He does not feel depressed and has no new stresses at home or work.When counseling the patient about sleep, appropriate advice would include which one of the following?

• A majority of adults can function adequately on 6-7 hours of sleep a night
• Exercise in the evening before bed will make him sleepier
• Inadequate sleep is associated with the development of hypertension,

diabetes mellitus, and obesity

• If he wakes up during the night and can't get back to sleep, watching

television in another room for 30 minutes or so is recommended

• Sleeping 2 hours longer in the morning on days off is helpful if he needs to

catch up on sleep

Answer:

C

On average most adults need 7-9 hours of sleep each night, although the normal range is 5-10 hours. Teenagers need an average of 9 hours of sleep 2 / 4

each night, and infants need about 16 hours a day (SOR B). Like their younger counterparts, the elderly need 7-9 hours of sleep each night. However, sleep disorders increase with age, and the elderly are much more likely to have sleep problems, including insomnia and a lack of deep sleep (SOR C).Sleeping less than 7 hours per night on a regular basis is associated with adverse health outcomes, including weight gain and obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease and stroke, depression, and an increased risk of death. Other effects include impaired immune function, increased pain, impaired performance, increased errors, and a greater risk of accidents.Exercise is important for sleeping well. However, patients should be advised to exercise several hours before going to bed to avoid the stimulating effect of exercise.Other recommendations include maintaining a regular sleep schedule including bedtime and wake-up time, avoiding caffeine and alcohol intake 4-

• hours before bedtime, and performing relaxing activities before bed (SOR

C).Watching television and using computers or cell phones before bedtime is not recommended because exposure to bright light sources can interfere with sleep initiation. Use of these devices is particularly not recommended in the bedroom.

Question:

A 45-year-old female sees you for counseling on smoking cessation. You tell her that stopping smoking

• reduces the risk of lung cancer almost immediately
• reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer within 5 years
• reduces the risk of bladder cancer within 5 years
• reduces the risk of certain types of leukemia

Answer:

D

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The 2004 U.S. Surgeon General's Report expanded the list of smoking-related cancers, noting that the evidence either suggested or was strong enough to infer causal relationships between smoking and cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, colon and rectum, uterine cervix, kidney, and bladder, as well as other sites. Smoking was also causally linked to adult myeloid leukemia. In 2014 the Surgeon General released a report marking 50 years since the first Surgeon General's report on smoking. This report also examined links between smoking and cancer, and discussed causal links to lung cancer, liver cancer, and colorectal cancer, as well as evidence suggesting a link between breast cancer and smoking. The 2014 report also notes that smoking does not cause prostate cancer. The evidence did show that smoking increases the risk of dying in patients with cancer, including those with breast or prostate cancer.The risk of cancer from smoking shows a clear relationship to both the number of cigarettes smoked each day and the duration of smoking; the earlier one begins to smoke, the higher the risk. While the increased risk of lung cancer due to smoking starts to decline within about 5 years among persons who stop smoking, the residual risk may persist for several decades. Stopping smoking before middle age greatly decreases the risk of lung cancer, and cessation sharply reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer within 10 years. The risk of bladder cancer, on the other hand, persists much longer after cessation (level of evidence 2 for all findings).

Question:

A 66-year-old female sees you for the first time for a health maintenance visit.She has read recently that there is a new shingles vaccine that was better than the previous version, and she asks whether she should get the new vaccine even though she received the older vaccine at age 60.Which one of the following statements would be accurate advice about the recombinant herpes zoster vaccine (Shingrix)?

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