PSYCH 445 FINAL EXAM VERSION A AND B

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PSYCH 445 FINAL EXAM VERSION A AND B

NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 200

QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED

ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY

GRADED A+

Question: Is fMRI a measurement technique or a manipulation

technique?

ANSWER: measurement technique, because the direction of

inference is from manipulation of behavior (or perception or thought) to changes in brain function

Question: Name two manipulation techniques in neuroscience

ANSWER: Brain Lesions and TMS

Question: To what aspect of imaging does "contrast" refer?

ANSWER: The difference in signal intensity between different

measured quantities

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Question: What is the difference between structural contrast and

functional contrast?

ANSWER: Structural contrast shows the difference in different

brain structures. Functional contrast shows the differences in amount of activity in the brain

Question: What are voxels?

ANSWER: The smallest unit of an fMRI image volume; 3D-

equivalent of pixels

Question: What is functional resolution?

ANSWER: Functional resolution is the ability of the technique

to attribute physiological variation to specific mental processes as determined through various factors

Question: What contribute to functional resolution?

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ANSWER: Temporal resolution; Contrast; Spatial resolution

Question: What is magnetic resonance?

ANSWER: Magnetic resonance occurs when nuclei absorb

energy from oscillating magnetic fields at a specific frequency

Question: What advance was most critical to the development of

techniques for image formation in MRI (emphasis on "image", which implies spatial information)?

ANSWER: Paul Lauterbur determined that spatial gradients, at

different angles, were necessary to include in the magnetic field so that images could be formed

Question: What does SPM stand for, and how is it relevant to

fMRI?

ANSWER: SPM is Statistical Parametric Mapping, and it is

used to analyze and reconstruct MRI and fMRI data

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Question: What does the acronym ATP stand for? What is it

used for?

ANSWER: ATP is adenosine triphosphate. It provides energy

for cells to continue cellular processes

Question: What two types of gradients are most important for

generation of action potentials?

ANSWER: The two most important gradients are electrical

gradients and chemical/concentration gradients

Question: What are the three parts of the "tripartite synapse"?

ANSWER: It has a presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic

membrane, and an astrocytic process