RAAS system - ANSWER renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

1

PASS RAAS system - ANSWER renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

• increases vasoconstriction
• increases blood volume
• increases blood pressure
• increases Na+

isotonic - ANSWER Describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

Hypotonic - ANSWER Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Hypertonic - ANSWER Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Hyponatremia - ANSWER deficient sodium in the blood

• causes seizures, coma, neuro damage, brain swelling
• slow fluid replacement

hypernatremia - ANSWER high sodium in the blood

• tachycardia, irritability, flushed skin
• diuresis or slow fluid replacement

hypokalemia - ANSWER deficient potassium in the blood 1 / 2

2

• cardiac arrhythmias, anorexia, absent reflexes

hyperkalemia - ANSWER excessive potassium in the blood

• mental confusion, apathy, numb extremities

hypocalcemia - ANSWER deficient calcium in the blood

• Chvostek's sign
• Trousseau's sign
• seizures

hypercalcemia - ANSWER excessive calcium in the blood

• muscle flaccidity, bone tenderness, constipation

Hypophosphatemia - ANSWER A serum phosphorus level less than 2.7 mg/dL.

• tremors
• osteomalacia
• hyporeflexia

Hyperphosphatemia - ANSWER a serum phosphorus level that exceeds 4.5 mg/dL

• symptoms related to hypercalcemia

Hypomagnesemia - ANSWER deficient magnesium in the blood

• Babinski's sign
• Tetany
• Cardiac arrhythmias

hypermagnesemia - ANSWER an excess of magnesium in the blood plasma

• / 2