Relationships, 2e - (For Complete File, Download link at the end of...

College Physics Reasoning and Relationships, 2e (Volum1+ 2) By Nicholas Giordano

(Solution Manual all Chapters)

(For Complete File, Download link at the end of this File)

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Giordano: CP 2e ISM, Vol 1 1 CH01

• Introduction

CONCEPT CHECK

1.1 | Significant Figures

QUANTITY

LENGTH OR DISTANCE

IN METERS (m)

NUMBER OF

SIGNIFICANT

FIGURES

Diameter of a proton 1  10 −15 1 Diameter of a red blood cell 8  10 −6 1 Diameter of a human hair 5.5  10 −5 2 Thickness of a piece of paper 6.4  10 –5 2 Diameter of a compact disc 0.12 2 Height of the author 1.80 3 Height of the Empire State Building 443.2 4 Distance from New York City to Chicago

1,268,000 4

Circumference of the Earth 4.00  10 7 3 Distance from Earth to the Sun 1.5  10 11 2

1.2 | Using Prefixes and Powers of 10

QUANTITY

LENGTH OR DISTANCE SAME LENGTH OR DISTANCE 2 / 4

Giordano: CP 2e ISM, Vol 1 2 CH01

IN METERS (m) USING PREFIX Diameter of a proton 1  10 –15

• femtometers = 1 fm

Diameter of a red blood cell 8  10 –6

• micrometers = 8 mm

Diameter of a human hair 5.5  10 –5 55 micrometers = 55 mm Thickness of a sheet of paper 6.4  10 –5 64 micrometers = 64 mm Diameter of a compact disc 0.12 1.2 decimeters = 1.2 dm = 12 centimeters = 12 cm Height of the author 1.80 1.80 meters = 1.80 m Height of the Empire State Building 443.2 443.2 meters = 443.2 m Distance from New York City to Chicago 1,268,000 1.268 megameters = 1.268 Mm Circumference of the Earth 4.00  107 40.0 megameters = 40.0 Mm Distance from Earth to the Sun 1.5  10 11 150 gigameters = 150 Gm 1.3 | (a), (c), or (d) could all be used as they have dimensions of length squared.

QUESTIONS

Q1.1 The radius is a dimension of length, so has dimension of L 4 . Density has dimensions of M/L 3 , so this cannot be the expression for density.Q1.2 Since time is a basic physical quantity like space and mass, it is very difficult to define one of these quantities without the use of the other. Most definitions of time are in terms of a sequence of events (or cause and effect), generally where something (oscillating springs, hands on a clock, or a pendulum) moves through space. Electronics appear to avoid this at first glance, but clocks based on time to charge a capacitor 3 / 4

Giordano: CP 2e ISM, Vol 1 3 CH01

depend on the voltage, which is related to force (and therefore mass). The current standard of time avoids this by defining a second in terms of an average number of atomic energy level cycles. The direction of spontaneous movement through time (forward) is defined by reactions (such as burning) which run spontaneously in one direction.[SSM] Q1.3 Using dimensional analysis we can determine which expressions have units of volume, since volume has a dimension equal to L 3 .meters 3

: Dimensions of L

3 , so this is a volume.millimeters · miles 2

: Dimensions of L  L

2 or L 3 , so this is a volume.kiloseconds · feet 2

: Dimensions of T  L

2 , so this is not a volume.kilograms 2

· centimeters: Dimensions of M

2  L, so this is not a volume.acres/meter 2

: Dimensions of L

2 /L 2 or dimensionless, so this is not a volume.hours · millimeter 3

/second: Dimensions of T  L

3 /T or L 3 , so this is a volume.millimeters · centimeters · meters 2

/feet: Dimensions of L  L  L

2 /L or L 3 so this is a volume.

Q1.4 m/s: This is velocity which describes rate of change of position.

m 3 /s: Volume per unit time. This combination can describe the rate of flow of water from a faucet, or rate of loading grain onto train cars.kg/m: Mass per unit length. Called linear density, this concept is a useful way of describing how much mass a rope, chain, or cable has for a given length.m/s 2 : This quantity will soon be very familiar. It is the units of acceleration, the rate at which the velocity changes (m/s)/s.m 2 /s: Area per unit time. This could be the units for how fast carpet is installed, or how fast painters can paint a wall.Q1.5 All physical objects, such as bars of metal, change and react to the environment.Minute changes in temperature make measurable changes in the bar’s length due to thermal expansion. All metals react with air and chemical changes can alter the bar’s length. By contrast, the interferometer measurement relies on physical quantities (such

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