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Research Methods, Design, and Analysis Thirteenth Edition Larry B. Christensen R.Burke Johnson Lisa A.Turner I nstructor's Manual With Test Bank Laura Powell 1 / 4
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Scientific Method 1
Chapter 2: Research Approaches and Methods of Data Collection 26
Chapter 3: Identifying Research Questions and Forming Hypotheses 63
Chapter 4: Ethics 84
Chapter 5: Measuring Variables and Sampling 116
Chapter 6: Research Validity 149
Chapter 7: Control Techniques in Research 180
Chapter 8: Procedure for Conducting a Research Study 206
Chapter 9: Experimental Research Design 228
Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Designs 276
Chapter 11: Single-Case Research Designs 303
Chapter 12: Nonexperimental Quantitative Research Methods 333
Chapter 13: Survey Research 364
Chapter 14: Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research 402
Chapter 15: Descriptive Statistics 441
Chapter 16: Inferential Statistics 487
Chapter 17: Preparing the Research Report Using APA Style 533 2 / 4
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Scientific Method
Learning Objectives
1.1 Compare methods of knowledge acquisition in terms of their validity.
1.2 Summarize the scientific approach to knowledge generation.
1.3 Explain the importance of the basic assumptions that drive scientific research.
1.4 Describe the characteristics of scientific research and explain why each of these is important.
1.5 Summarize the relationship between empirical observation and theory in scientific research.
1.6 Summarize the objectives of scientific research.
1.7 Contrast the characteristics of pseudoscience with legitimate science.
Chapter Outline
Traditional Methods of Acquiring Knowledge
1.1 Compare methods of knowledge acquisition in terms of their validity
Authority – A basis for acceptance of information because it is acquired from a highly respected source – problem – information or facts might be inaccurate especially if the authority is not an expert in the area of inquiry – can be used when the problem is being identified and the hypothesis is being formed – can be used in the design phase of a study – can be used when interpreting the data or how they fit with other data in the field – an authority is an expert whose facts and information are subject to testing using the scientific process
Rationalism – The acquisition of knowledge through reasoning – approach claims that formal deductive reasoning can be used to arrive at new knowledge – assumes that valid knowledge is acquired only when the correct reasoning processes are used.– René Descartes (1596–1650) • believed that knowledge derived from reason was just as valid as, and often superior to, knowledge gained from observation – problem- it is not unusual for two individuals to use reasoning to reach different conclusions.
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– Scientists make use of reasoning • to derive hypotheses and to identify the outcomes that would be required if the hypotheses are true.– rationalism can be very important for science, but by itself it is insufficient.
Empiricism – The acquisition of knowledge through experience – a systematic and well-developed philosophy is traced to John Locke (1632–1704) and David Hume (1711– 1776) • argued that virtually all knowledge is based on experience.• Locke- tabula rasa – Problems if used alone • Our perceptions are affected by a number of variables • our memory for events does not remain constant – must be conducted under controlled conditions – systematic strategies must be used to minimize researcher and participant bias and to maximize objectivity
The Scientific Approach to Knowledge Generation
1.2 Summarize the scientific approach to knowledge generation.
Science- The approach to producing knowledge used by researchers employing the methods of science – ancient origins in the Latin verb scire, meaning “to know.” – the English word “science,” coined by William Whewell (1794–1866) during the 19 th century – is designed to systematically produce reliable and valid knowledge about the natural world.– the enterprise of science relies on multiple logics, strategies, and methods to produce scientific knowledge.– each scientific approach has its particular strengths and limitations and is usable in certain situations.
Induction and Deduction Induction – A reasoning process that involves going from the specific to general – the use of statistical analysis in psychological research can be considered inductive reasoning.• When researchers rely on samples and generalize to populations – a probabilistic form of reasoning provides statements of what is likely to be true and/or occur in the future, based on current observations.Deduction – A reasoning process that involves going from the general to the specific – classically defined by Aristotle – when researchers develop hypotheses, they routinely deduce the observable consequences that must occur if they are going to claim (after collecting data) that the hypothesis is supported or not supported.
– science makes use of both inductive and deductive thinking • induction drives the exploratory or discovery arm of science • deduction drives the knowledge testing arm of science.Hypothesis testing- The process of testing a predicted relationship or hypothesis by making observations and then comparing the observed facts with the hypothesis or predicted relationship.– hypothesis testing relies on the logic of confirmation.– Classical hypothesis testing where the researcher hopes to verify the hypothesis as true • criticized by the philosopher of science Karl Popper (1902–1994).• Popper pointed out that the verification of hypotheses was based on a logical fallacy (known as
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