Section 1: Critical Thinking D265 WGU

Section 1: Critical Thinking D265 WGU

Leave the first rating Students also studied Terms in this set (57) Arts and HumanitiesPhilosophy Logic Save Deductive/Inductive Reasoning Teacher 35 terms MORRIS_LANDO Preview

D265 WGU Critical Thinking: Reason...

Teacher 223 terms makau-Preview HSRT PRACTICE - Terms & Definitio...Teacher 36 terms collyrazPreview Master Teacher kev Practice questions for this set Learn1 / 7Study using Learn truth What is meant by validity or strength of an argument? Generally, Strong Arguments are ones that are convincing. And an argument is valid if the premises(if true) provide proof of the conclusion.What are the different types of inferences?- Deduction

• Induction

-Abduction Choose an answer 1 A proposition that is widely believed but false.2 A proposition that accurately represents reality.3 An idea that is commonly accepted but inaccurate.4 A statement that is logically consistent but untrue.Don't know?

InferenceA conclusion one can draw from the presented details.deductionforming a general conclusion based on specific observations Inductionforming a specific conclusion based on general premise.Abduction reasoningrules out explanations until most plausible remains truthA proposition that accurately represents reality.validityIn a good deductive argument structure, when true premises make the conclusion necessarily true.invalidityOne or two of the premises are false, thus making the conclusion false.SoundnessThe deductive argument is valid, and all premises are true premises.UnsoundnessWhen the argument is invalid or the premises are false.How is truth connected to propositions?The relationship that holds between a proposition and its corresponding fact. If a proposition is true, then the conclusion is true, but if it's false then it's false.valid argument forman argument form in which every substitution instance is a valid (true) argument invalid argument forman argument form that has some invalid (false) substitution instances Differentiate between truth, strength, and cogency. - A strong argument can have a false conclusion even if it starts with true premises (strong arguments only make the conclusion probable, not certain).

• cogent argument must have true premises. Cogency is strength plus true

premises.

Cogency: In a strong inductive argument, all premises are true.

All True Premises + Strong Inductive Support = Cogency Argument Strength of an ArgumentIn the inductive argument, true premises make the conclusion probably true. (but not necessarily a guarantee, but the premises are supportive) CogencyIn a strong inductive argument, all premises are true.Fallacya type of bad argument.Formal Fallacya logical error that occurs in the form or structure of an argument; it is restricted to deductive arguments informal fallacya mistake in reasoning that occurs in ordinary language and is different from an error in the form or structure of arguments The Fallacy FallacyYou presumed that because a claim has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that the claim itself must be wrong.

the fallacy fallacy exampleRecognizing that Amanda had committed a fallacy in arguing that we should eat healthy food because a nutritionist said it was popular, Alyse said we should therefore eat bacon double cheeseburgers every day.types of informal fallacies- Ad Hominem

• Appeal to Ignorance
• Begging the Question
• Confusion of Necessary with a Sufficient Condition
• Equivocation
• False Dilemma
• Faulty Analogy
• Inconsistency
• Irrelevant Authority
• Is-Ought
• Ought Is
• Questionable Cause
• Red Herring
• Slippery Slope
• Straw Person
• Two Wrongs
• Unwarranted Generalization

Unwarranted Generalization FallacyThis fallacy occurs when we we make a generalization on the basis of insufficient evidence.Two Wrongs FallacyThis fallacy can occur by suggesting "if others are doing it, I can too".Irrelevant Authority FallacyA fallacy when you accept without proper support for his or her alleged authority, a person's claim or proposition as true.Is-OughtA fallacy that assumes that just because something is a certain way, it ought to be that way.Ought-IsA fallacy when you assume that the way you want things to be is the way they are.questionable causea fallacy that occurs when a speaker alleges something that does not relate to or produce the outcome claimed in the argument Red HerringA fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion Slippery SlopeA fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented Straw PersonDistorting our opponent's point of view so that it is easy to attack; thus we attack a point of view that does not truly exist.ad hominema fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute Appeal to Ignorancea fallacy based on the assumption that whatever has not been proven false must be true

begging the questionA fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.Confusion of Necessary with a Sufficient Condition A fallacy where assuming a required condition will suffice the conclusion.Equivocation Fallacywhen a key word or phrase in an argument is used with more than one meaning. It is an illegitimate switching of the meaning of a term during the reasoning.False DilemmaA fallacy of oversimplification that offers a limited number of options (usually two) when in fact more options are available.faulty analogya fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable Inconsistency Fallacyhas two propositions which contradict each other What is crtical thinking?- Being curious and thinking creatively

• Separating the thinker from the position
• Knowing oneself enough to avoid biases and errors of thought
• Having intellectual honesty, humility, and charity

[being honest about what we know and how we know it, what evidence we have and what questions are not yet settled]

• Understanding arguments, reasons, and evidence

PropositionsStatements that can be true or false.Non-PropositionsSentences that are not statements about matters of fact (or fiction). They do not make a claim that can be true or false.Simple propositionsHave no internal logical structure, meaning whether they are true or false does not depend on whether part of them is true or false. They are simply true or false on their own.Complex propositionshave internal logical structure, meaning they are composed of simple propositions. Whether they are true or false depends on whether their parts are true or false.Argument AnatomyPremise + Premise = Conclusion Premisethe claims, evidence, ideas, and so forth intended to support the conclusion.ConclusionThe conclusion is the claim that the whole argument is intended to support or demonstrate or prove.

Arguments can go wrong in only two ways:- Bad inferential structure

• False premise

Premise Indicatorsbecause, since, for, for example, for the reason that, in that, given that, as indicated by, due to, owing to, this can be seen from, we know this by