Section 3: Critical Thinking D265 WGU

Section 3: Critical Thinking D265 WGU

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Section 3: Identifying Bias and its Im...

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Section 3: Lesson 1-4 Quiz & Test

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16 terms Alis Practice questions for this set Learn1 / 7Study using Learn the need to do the opposite of what someone requests.Confirmation Biasa tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence How to Identify Sources of biasIncomplete information intentional deception influence from past personal experience intentional persuasion to strengthen a position Choose an answer 1Inductance2Resistance 3Reactance4Reasoning Don't know?

common types of cognitive biases- Bandwagon

• Anchoring
• The Dunning-Kruger Effect
• The Sunk Cost Fallacy Bias
• Optimism and Pessimism Bias
• The Framing Effect Bias
• Confirmation Bias
• Reactance
• Self-Serving Bias
• Hindsight Bias

[https://www.tikvahlake.com/blog/x-common-biases-that-affect-how-we-make-

everyday-decisions/] Bandwagon effectBelieving or even performing an action based on the fact that the people around you are also doing or believing the same thing.AnchoringFocusing a little too much on the first bit of information you are given when making a decision.Dunning-Kruger EffectInvolves the overestimation and underestimation of one's abilities.sunk cost fallacy (bias)Involves the refusal to abandon a thought or investment that is not rewarding or possibly even damaging simply because we have invested a lot of time, thought, energy, effort, or even money into it.Optimism and Pessimism BiasThe tendency to overestimate how likely a positive outcome will occur, especially if we're in a good mood. We also have the tendency to overestimate the negative outcome of an event if we are not happy or in a bad mood.Framing EffectInvolves drawing a number of different conclusions about something, based on the different ways the exact same data is presented.Reactancethe need to do the opposite of what someone requests.Self-Serving Biasthe tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors Hindsight Biasthe tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it Principle of CharityBefore we evaluate the validity or strength of an argument, we should try to interpret it in the best possible light.Why is it fundamental to understand the principle of charity?

• One reason has to do with our goals in having reasoned discussions.
• Another reason has to do with simple strategy, if you are indeed interested in

winning a debate.

• The final reason is a moral reason for following the principle of charity.

Cognitive biasThe way we naturally categorize and make sense of the world around us.

AliefAn automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual responses can conflict with our reasoned-out beliefs.Why is it important to recognize cognitive bias? It can help to mitigate negative effects on our thinking. Awareness of learning common ways the human mind can go astray can help us avoid errors in our own reasoning and spot such errors in others' reasoning.HeuristicA rule of thumb, a ready strategy, or a shortcut Algorithm bubbleThe curated and personalized version of online reality that a website shows you when you log on.Availability heuristicA process where in the mind generalizes based on what is available to it rather than on what is objectively true.Irrational decision makingallows irrelevant biases, emotions, and environment to influence our decisions bounded rationalityA set of boundaries or constraints that tend to complicate the rational decision- making process SatisficingWe make the best choices we can, making choices that are good enough. We make choices that suffice to satisfy our needs.representativeness heuristic- a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case

• when faced with a new situation, we find the nearest prototype in our mind and

use what we know about that prototype to help us understand what is happening right in front of us.upshotsaftermath, result upshots of heuristics- we should not trust our intuition, since we now know that our intuition is often subject to some powerful influences that can lead us to judge incorrectly more often than not.

• heuristics may result in unsound assumptions that are worth thinking carefully

about statistical generalizationan inference made about a population based on features of a sample.Statistical ReasoningStatistical procedures analyze and interpret data allowing us to see what the unaided eye misses Having some finite data set and trying to get to a claim about the whole population.What makes an appropriate sample?it must be random, and it must be representative.statistic manipulationWhen answers get skewed in gathering statistical data, some people may respond to a question differently based on beliefs or influences around them.

selective reportingthe fact that investigators are more likely to publish findings when they match predictions than when they do not impact biasthe tendency to overestimate the intensity and duration of one's emotional reactions to future negative events effects of confirmation biascauses people to ignore evidence that undermines what is already believed and put extra weight on evidence that confirms what is already believed.How do you reduce the influence of confirmation bias in reasoning?actively seek out the best justifications for alternative viewpoints and make sure that, when an alternative viewpoint is rejected, it is for good reasons.effects of representation heursitcsmakes people judge a situation by means of situations in memories that bear similarities to it, even if those similarities are not really relevant.Reducing influence of representation heursitcslook for carefully conducted scientific studies or larger sets of data when available.effects of anchoring biascauses people to put too much weight on the first information received when making further decisions.Reducing influence of anchoring biastry to get larger sets of more objective data and not rely too much on personal anchors.effects of availability biascauses people to make judgments based on whichever examples come most readily to mind.Reducing influence of availability bias- take the time to ask, "Is that example actually representative of the population under study?" or "Do I have enough credible evidence to generalize about this?"

• Even better, be skeptical of using social media information to form general

beliefs.system one thinkingquick, automatic, and emotional System Two Thinkingdeliberate, effortful, and calculating

Example of System 1 thinkingWhat type of thinking is this?:

• determining that a sound you just heard is coming from behind you and jumping

to the conclusion that someone is angry because their voice is loud.

Example of System 2 thinkingWhat type of thinking is this?:

• determining at which angle to hit a difficult putt and trying to figure out how

much of a tip to leave on a $131.00 dollar dinner tab.ReasoningThe process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence decision makingAttempting to select the best alternative among several options