Solutions Manual For

Solutions Manual For General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Structures of Life 6 th Edition By Karen Timberlake (All Chapters 1-24, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade) All Chapters Arranged

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387Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.24 Metabolic Pathways for Lipids and Amino Acids Learning Goals • Describe the process by which triacylglycerols are digested.• Describe the metabolic pathway of b oxidation.• Calculate the total ATP produced by the complete oxidation of a fatty acid.• Describe the pathway of ketogenesis.• Describe the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl CoA.• Describe the hydrolysis of dietary protein and the reactions of transamination and oxidative deamination in the degradation of amino acids.• Describe the formation of urea from an ammonium ion.• Describe where carbon atoms from amino acids enter the citric acid cycle or other pathways.• Describe how some nonessential amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in the citric acid cycle and other metabolic pathways.Chapter Outline

Chapter Opener: Public Health Nurse (PHN)

24.1 Digestion of Triacylglycerols 24.2 Oxidation of Fatty Acids 24.3 ATP and Fatty Acid Oxidation

Chemistry Link to Health: Jamaican Vomiting Sickness

24.4 Ketogenesis and Ketone Bodies

Chemistry Link to Health: Diabetes and Ketone Bodies

24.5 Fatty Acid Synthesis 24.6 Degradation of Proteins and Amino Acids 24.7 Urea Cycle 24.8 Fates of the Carbon Atoms from Amino Acids 24.9 Synthesis of Amino Acids

Chemistry Link to Health: Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Clinical Update: Treatment of Luke’s Hepatitis C

Core Chemistry Skills • Calculating the ATP from Fatty Acid Oxidation (b Oxidation) (24.3) • Describing How Ketone Bodies Are Formed (24.4) • Distinguishing Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways (24.9) M24A_TIMB4773_6_IM_C24.indd 3872/16/18 9:08 PM 2 / 4

Chapter 24 388Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.Answers and Solutions to Text Problems 24.1 The bile salts emulsify fat so that it forms small fat globules for hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase.

24.2 The triacylglycerols in the intestinal lining are coated with proteins to form lipoproteins called chylomicrons, which are polar and can be transported through the lymphatic system and into the bloodstream.

24.3 Fats are released from fat stores when blood glucose and glycogen stores are depleted.

24.4 Glycerol is phosphorylated using ATP to give glycerol-3-phosphate, which is oxidized to dihydroxyacetone phosphate. This product can now enter glycolysis or gluconeogenesis.

24.5 Glycerol is converted to glycerol-3-phosphate, and then to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, an intermediate of glycolysis.

24.6 Glycerol is converted to glycerol-3-phosphate and then to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which can enter gluconeogenesis to produce glucose.

24.7 The enzyme glycerol kinase would be defective.

24.8 Since the enzyme glycerol kinase is deficient, levels of the reactant glycerol build up.

24.9 Fatty acids are activated in the cytosol.

24.10 Carnitine is a charged carrier that transports fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial ­membrane into the matrix.

24.11 The coenzymes FAD, NAD + , and HS¬CoA are required for b oxidation.

24.12 Isomerization occurs in the b oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. The cis double bond typically found in oils must be converted to a trans double bond for the hydration step of b oxidation.

24.13 The designation b-carbon is based on the common names of carboxylic acids in which the a-carbon is the carbon adjacent to the carboxyl group.

• CH

3¬CH 2¬CH 2¬CH 2¬CH 2¬CH 2¬CH 2¬C¬S¬CoA O b b.S¬CoA O b 24.14 a. CH

3¬(CH

2)

14¬CH

2¬CH 2¬C¬S¬CoA O b b.S¬CoA O b 24.15 a.

OH S¬CoA O

• CH

3¬(CH

2) 6¬C“C¬C¬S¬CoA O HH M24A_TIMB4773_6_IM_C24.indd 3882/16/18 9:08 PM 3 / 4

Metabolic Pathways for Lipids and Amino Acids 389Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

24.16 a. + S¬CoA O S¬CoA O

• CH

3¬(CH

2) 8¬C¬C¬C¬S¬CoA H H O O 24.17 a. and  b. CH

3¬(CH

2) 4¬CH 2¬CH 2¬C¬S¬CoA O ba

• Three b oxidation cycles are needed.
• Four acetyl CoA units are produced from a C
• fatty acid.

24.18 a. and  b.  S¬CoA O a b

• Eleven

b oxidation cycles are needed.

• Twelve acetyl CoA units are produced from a C

24 fatty acid.

24.19 The hydrolysis of ATP to AMP involves the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, and then ADP to AMP, which provides the same amount of energy as the hydrolysis of two ATP to two ADP.

24.20 Ten ATP molecules are obtained when one acetyl CoA molecule goes through the citric acid cycle.

24.21 Number of Carbon Atoms Number of B Oxidation Cycles Number of Acetyl CoA Number of NADH Number of FADH 2

2210 11 10 10

• A C

22 fatty acid will go through 10 b oxidation cycles.

• The b oxidation of a chain of 22 carbon atoms produces 11 acetyl CoA units.
• ATP Production from Behenic Acid (C

22) Activation-2 ATP 11 acetyl CoA*

10 ATP

acetyl CoA (citric acid cycle)110 ATP

10 NADH*

2.5 ATP

NADH (electron transport) 25 ATP

10 FADH

2*

1.5 ATP

FADH 2 (electron transport) 15 ATP Total148 ATP 24.22 Number of Carbon Atoms Number of B Oxidation Cycles Number of Acetyl CoA Number of NADH Number of FADH 2

1889 8 8

• A C

18 fatty acid will go through eight b oxidation cycles.

• The b oxidation of a chain of 18 carbon atoms produces nine acetyl CoA units.

M24A_TIMB4773_6_IM_C24.indd 3892/16/18 9:08 PM

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