Solutions Manual - Let’s Review- The Tools of Quantitative Chemi...

Solutions Manual Chemistry & Ch emical Reactivity

TENTH EDITION

John C. Kotz Paul M. Treichel John R. Townsend David A. Treichel Prepared by Alton J. Banks 1 / 4

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Chemistry ..........................................................................1 Let’s Review- The Tools of Quantitative Chemistry ....................................13 Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules and Ions ...........................................................................32 Chapter 3: Chemical Reactions .......................................................................................77 Chapter 4: Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information about Chemical Reactions .........104 Chapter 5: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Energy and Chemical Reactions .........158 Chapter 6: The Structure of Atoms ...............................................................................204 Chapter 7: The Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends ..............................................227 Chapter 8: Bonding and Molecular Structure ...............................................................254 Chapter 9: Orbital Hybridization and Molecular Orbitals ............................................292 Chapter 10: Gases & Their Properties ..........................................................................317 Chapter 11: Intermolecular Forces and Liquids ............................................................359

Chapter 12:

The Solid State ..........................................................................................379

Chapter 13:

Solutions and Their Behavior ...................................................................407 Chapter 14: Chemical Kinetics: The Rates of Chemical Reactions .............................447 Chapter 15: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Equilibria ...........................................488 Chapter 16: Principles of Chemical Reactivity:The Chemistry of Acids and Bases ....524 Chapter 17: Principles of Chemical Reactivity:Other Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria 566 Chapter 18: Thermodynamics-Entropy and Free Energy .............................................627 Chapter 19: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Electron Transfer Reactions ..............670 Chapter 20: Environmental Chemistry: Environment, Energy, & Sustainability .........719 Chapter 21: The Chemistry of the Main Group Elements ............................................742 Chapter 22: The Chemistry of the Transition Elements ...............................................781 Chapter 23: Carbon: Not Just Another Element ...........................................................808 Chapter 24: Biochemistry .............................................................................................842 Chapter 25: Nuclear Chemistry ....................................................................................857

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Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Applying Chemical Principles CO

• in the Oceans

1.1.1.Name of CO

2: carbon dioxide

1.1.2. Symbols for metals mentioned in the article:

calcium, Ca; copper, Cu; manganese, Mn; iron, Fe

1.1.3. Most dense metal: Cu (8920 kg/m

3

) Least dense metal: Ca (1550 kg/m

3 ) Data taken from www.ptable.com

1.1.4. CaCO

• (calcium carbonate) contains Ca, C, and O.

PRACTICING SKILLS

Nature of Science 1.1. (a) Proposal that pressure increases with decreased volume—hypothesis (b) Over time experiments indicate that pressure and volume are inversely proportional—law (c) Proposal that more molecules colliding per given area results in increased pressure-- theory

1.2. Categorize as hypothesis, theory, or law: Hypothesis--a tentative explanation or prediction in

accord with current knowledge.

Green Chemistry

1.3. Sustainable development means meeting today’s needs while ensuring that future

generations will be able to meet theirs.

1.4. Green chemistry refers to practices that reduce waste products during chemical processes,

use materials wisely, use renewable materials, generate substances with the lowest possible toxicity, and conserve energy as well as materials.

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Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Chemistry 2

1.5. Practices of Green Chemistry described:

• Preventing waste • Energy saved • Synthetic methods to generate substances with little or no toxicity • Raw materials (solid catalyst) should be renewable • To a lesser extent—ALL the practices are used in the new process

1.6. Practices of Green Chemistry described:

• Raw materials (yeast) renewable • Energy saved— processes run near room temperature and pressure • Synthesis uses products with low or no toxicity (palm kernel or coconut oil) and not nitric acid or produce a greenhouse gas • Substances used to minimize hazards (no nitric acid) • To a lesser extent—ALL the practices are used in the new process

Matter: Elements and Atoms, Compounds and Molecules

1.7. The name of each of the elements:

(a) C carbon (c) Cl chlorine (e) Mg magnesium— typically confused with manganese (Mn) (b) K potassium— from Latin, Kalium (d) P phosphorus— frequently confused with Potassium (f) Ni nickel

1.8. The names of each of the elements:

(a) Mn manganese-- typically confused with magnesium (Mg) (c) Na sodium (e) Xe xenon (b) Cu copper (d) Br bromine (f) Fe iron

1.9. The symbol for each of the elements:

(a) barium Ba (c) chromium Cr (e) arsenic As (b) titanium Ti (d) lead Pb (f) zinc Zn

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