Summary earth portrait of a planet 7th edition 2022 stephen marshak chapters 1 - 13

Summary earth portrait of a planet 7th edition 2022 stephen marshak chapters 1 - 13 1 / 6

Summary earth portrait of a planet 7th edition 2022 stephen marshak chapters 1 - 13 Contents Chapter 1: An Evolving Image of the Earth’s Position and Shape....................................................................................5 1.2 A Sense of Scale.....................................................................................................................................................5 1.3 The Modern Image of the Universe.......................................................................................................................5 1.4 How Did the Universe Form?.................................................................................................................................5 1.5 Making Order from Chaos......................................................................................................................................5 1.6 We Are All Made of Stardust..................................................................................................................................6 Chapter 2: Journey to the Center of the Earth.................................................................................................................6 2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................6 2.3 The Atmosphere....................................................................................................................................................6 2.4 Land and Oceans....................................................................................................................................................7 2.5 What is the Earth made of?...................................................................................................................................7 2.6 How do we know that the Earth had layers?.........................................................................................................7 2.7 What are the layers made of?................................................................................................................................7 2.8 The Lithosphere and Asthenosphere.....................................................................................................................8 Chapter 3: Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas.........................................................................................................8 3.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................8 3.2 What was Wegener’s evidence for continental drift?............................................................................................8 3.3 Setting the stage for the discovery of sea-floor spreading.....................................................................................8 3.4 Harry Hess and his “Essay in Geopoetry”...............................................................................................................9 3.5 Marine magnetic anomalies: Evidence for sea-floor spreading.............................................................................9 3.6 Deep-sea drilling: Further evidence.......................................................................................................................9 Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics...................................................................................................10 4.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................10 4.3 Divergent plate boundaries and sea-floor spreading...........................................................................................10 4.4 Convergent plate boundaries and subduction.....................................................................................................10 4.5 Transform plate boundaries.................................................................................................................................10 4.6 Special locations in the plate mosaic...................................................................................................................11 4.7 How do plate boundaries form and die?..............................................................................................................11 4.8 What drives plate motion?...................................................................................................................................11 Chapter 5: Patterns in Nature: Minerals........................................................................................................................11 5.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................11 5.3 Beauty in Patterns: Chemicals and Their Structure..............................................................................................12 5.4 How Can You Tell One Mineral from Another......................................................................................................12 5.5 Organize Our Knowledge: Mineral Classification.................................................................................................12 5.6 Something Precious: Gems!.................................................................................................................................13 Chapter 6: Up From the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks........................................................................................13 6.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................13 6.2 Why does magma form?......................................................................................................................................13 6.3 What is magma made of?....................................................................................................................................13 2 / 6

Summary earth portrait of a planet 7th edition 2022 stephen marshak chapters 1 - 13 6.4 Moving magma and lava......................................................................................................................................13 6.5 How do extrusive and intrusive environments differ...........................................................................................14 6.6 Transforming magma into rock............................................................................................................................14 6.7 Igneous rock textures: what do they tell us?.......................................................................................................14 6.8 Classifying igneous rocks......................................................................................................................................14 Chapter 7: A Surface Veneer: Sediments, Soils and Sedimentary Rocks........................................................................15 7.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................15 7.2 How does weathering lead to sediment formation?............................................................................................15 7.3 Soil: Sediment Interwoven with Life....................................................................................................................15 7.9 How Do We Recognize Depositional Environments?...........................................................................................17 7.10 Sedimentary Basins............................................................................................................................................17 7.11 Diagenesis..........................................................................................................................................................17 Chapter 8: Metamorphism: A Process of Change..........................................................................................................17 8.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................17 8.2 What Happens During Metamorphism?..............................................................................................................17 8.3 What Causes Metamorphism?.............................................................................................................................17 8.4 How Do We Classify Metamorphic Rocks?...........................................................................................................18 8.5 Describing the Intensity of Metamorphism.........................................................................................................18 8.6 Where Does Metamorphism Occur?....................................................................................................................18 8.7 Where Do You Find Metamorphic Rocks?............................................................................................................19 Chapter 9: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions.....................................................................................................19 9.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................19 9.3 The Architecture and Shape of Volcanoes...........................................................................................................20 9.4 Eruptive Styles: Will It Flow, or Will It Blow?........................................................................................................20 9.5 Hot-Spot Eruptions...............................................................................................................................................20 9.6 Eruptions along Plate Boundaries and Rifts.........................................................................................................21 9.8 Protection from Vulcan’s Wrath..........................................................................................................................21 9.9 The Effect of Volcanoes on Climate and Civilization.............................................................................................21 9.10 Volcanoes on Other Planets...............................................................................................................................21 Chapter 10: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes......................................................................................................................21 10.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................21 10.2 What Causes Earthquakes to Happen?..............................................................................................................21 10.3 How does Earthquake Energy Travel?................................................................................................................22 10.4 How Do We Measure and Locate Earthquakes?................................................................................................22 10.5 Where and Why Do Earthquakes Occur?...........................................................................................................23 10.6 How Do Earthquakes Cause Damage?...............................................................................................................23 10.7 Can We Predict the “Big One”?..........................................................................................................................23 10.8 Earthquake Engineering and Zoning..................................................................................................................24 Chapter 11: Crags, Cracks, and Crumples: Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building...............................................24 11.1 Introduction’......................................................................................................................................................24 11.3 Rock Deformation in the Earth’s Crust...............................................................................................................24 3 / 6

Summary earth portrait of a planet 7th edition 2022 stephen marshak chapters 1 - 13 11.4 What Structures From During Brittle Deformation?..........................................................................................24 11.5 What Structures From Due to Ductile Deformation?.........................................................................................25 11.6 Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Processes in Orogenic Belts..............................................................25 11.8 Causes of Mountain Building.............................................................................................................................26 11.9 Cratons and the Deformation within Them.......................................................................................................26 11.10 Life Story of a Mountain Range: A Case Study.................................................................................................26 Chapter 12: Deep Time: How Old Is Old?.......................................................................................................................26 12.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................26 12.2 Time: A Human Obsession.................................................................................................................................27 12.4 Principles for Defining Relative Age...................................................................................................................27 12.5 Unconformities: Gaps in the Record..................................................................................................................27 12.6 Stratigraphic Formations and Their Correlation.................................................................................................27 12.7 The Geologic Column.........................................................................................................................................28 12.8 How Do We Determine Numerical Age? The Radiometric Clock.......................................................................28 12.9 How Do We Add Numerical Ages to the Geologic Column?...............................................................................28 Chapter 13: A Biography of Earth..................................................................................................................................29 13.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................29 13.5 The Proterozoic Eon: Transition to the Modern World......................................................................................29 13.6 The Phanerozoic Eon: Life Diversifies, and Today’s Continents From................................................................29 13.8 The Mesozoic Era: When Dinosaurs Ruled.........................................................................................................30 13.9 The Cenozoic Era: The Final Stretch to the Present............................................................................................30 65 test bank questions and answers..............................................................................................................................31 Part 1: The Universe and Our Planet..........................................................................................................................31 Part 2: The Earth’s Structure......................................................................................................................................31 Part 3: Plate Tectonics...............................................................................................................................................31 Part 4: Rocks and Minerals.........................................................................................................................................32 Part 5: Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks............................................................................................................32 Part 6: Volcanoes and Earthquakes............................................................................................................................32 Part 7: Mountain Building and Crustal Deformation..................................................................................................32 50 core concepts explained alphabetically....................................................................................................................35 25 most important learning objectives..........................................................................................................................36 4 / 6