Summary understanding earth 8th edition 2020 john grotzinger english summary

Summary understanding earth 8th edition 2020 john grotzinger english summary 1 / 4

Summary understanding earth 8th edition 2020 john grotzinger english summary Contents Chapter 1 - The Earth System.......................................................................................................................................................3 Chapter 2 - Plate tectonics: The Unifying Theory........................................................................................................................5 Chapter 3 - Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks.........................................................................................................................7 Chapter 4 - Igneous Rocks: Solids from melts, Volcanoes...........................................................................................................9 Chapter 5 - Sedimentation: rocks formed by surface processes..................................................................................................11 Chapter 6 - Metamorphism: alteration of rocks by temperature and pressure.............................................................................13 Chapter 7 - Deformation: Modification of rocks by folding and fracturing................................................................................15 Chapter 8 - Clocks in rocks: timing in the geologic record.........................................................................................................17 Chapter 9 - From big bang to planet Earth..................................................................................................................................20 Chapter 10 - History of continents..............................................................................................................................................22 Chapter 12 - Volcanoes..............................................................................................................................................................23 Chapter 13 - Earthquakes............................................................................................................................................................25 Chapter 14 - Exploring Earth’s interior......................................................................................................................................27 Chapter 15 - The climate system................................................................................................................................................29 Chapter 16 - Weathering, Erosion and Mass Wasting................................................................................................................31 Chapter 17 - The hydrologic cycle and groundwater..................................................................................................................33 Chapter 18 - Stream transport: from mountains to oceans..........................................................................................................35 Chapter 19 - Winds and Deserts.................................................................................................................................................37 Chapter 20 - Coastlines and ocean basins...................................................................................................................................40 Chapter 21 - Glaciers: the work of ice........................................................................................................................................42 Chapter 22 - Landscape development.........................................................................................................................................44 Chapter 23 - The human impact on Earth’s environment...........................................................................................................46 65 test bank questions with answers separately..........................................................................................................................48 Part 1: The Earth System........................................................................................................................................................48 Part 2: Plate Tectonics............................................................................................................................................................48 Part 3: Minerals and Rocks.....................................................................................................................................................48 Part 4: Weathering, Erosion, and Sedimentation....................................................................................................................48 Part 5: Earthquakes and Volcanoes.........................................................................................................................................49 Part 6: Hydrology and Glaciers...............................................................................................................................................49 Part 7: Geological Time and Earth's Interior...........................................................................................................................49 50 core concepts explained alphabetically..................................................................................................................................53 20 important learning objectives.................................................................................................................................................55 2 / 4

Summary understanding earth 8th edition 2020 john grotzinger english summary Understanding Earth Summary Chapter 1 - The Earth System Geology is the study of the Earth: its history, composition, internal structure and surface features.Geologists use the scientific method. Hypotheses are tentative explanations for natural phenomena based on observations and experiments. A coherent set of hypotheses constitutes a theory. Hypotheses and theories can be combined into a scientific model that represents a natural system or process. You can predict results from a model.Scientific Cycle: observation, hypothesis, testing hypothesis, theory, law/principle, critic  new observations, if necessary change paradigm.The geologic record is the information preserved in the rocks that have been formed at various times throughout Earth’s history.The process that now works on Earth today, has worked in much the same way throughout

the geologic past: principle of uniformitarianism.

Catastrophism is the sudden change in the Earth’s crust. Gradualism is the belief in change by gradual, often slow stages. The processes repeat itself constantly.Geological time has an enormous timescale, also known as deep time.The Earth’s overall shape is a sphere with an average radius of 6370 km. It’s slightly squashed at the poles and bulged at the equator due to the planet’s rotation. The topography varies between 20 km from the highest point (Mt. Everest) to its lowest point (Mariana trench).The Earth’s crust consists of several layers.Crust: Low-density silicates, thickness varies from 40 km (continental crust) to 7 km (oceanic crust). Oceanic crust rocks are more dense, so the continental crusts lay deeper than oceanic crusts.Mantle: Silicate-rich rock, to a depth of 2890 km, ‘liquid’, Upper mantle and lower mantle (transition zone where rock density increases in a series of steps).Outer core: Iron, nickel, oxygen, sulfur, liquid, boundary at 5150 km, lower density,

Inner core: Iron, nickel, solid, higher density

All parts of our planet and their interactions are the Earth System. There are several systems.

Isolated system: no energy and mass goes in and out.

Closed system: only energy goes in and out, mass stays the same.

Open system: exchange of energy and mass.

There are three major global geosystems (subsystems):

-Climate System: interaction among atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, lithosphere. Weather is the description of temperature, precipitation, cloud cover and winds at a particular location and time. Climate describes the averages of temperatures and other variables over many years of observation. Greenhouse effect explains why life on earth is possible. 3 / 4

Summary understanding earth 8th edition 2020 john grotzinger english summary -Plate Tectonic System: interactions among Earth’s solid components. Lithosphere is the outer part of the Earth (0-100 km) and is rigid, brittle. The asthenosphere is below the lithosphere, 100-400 km, flows (ductile) ‘solid’.Plate tectonics is the movement of the plates due to convection.-Geodynamo: involves interactions within Earth’s core. Due to a magnetic field in the inner core of the Earth.

Aardse warmte:

De drijvende kracht van Systeem Aarde 1.Oerwarmte

-Accretie-energie: Het samenklonten van delen van de aarde (zie syllabus)

-Adiabatische compressie: Vrijkomen van warmte door verhoging van druk.

-Vorming van de aardkern

2.Kristallatiewarmte: Warmte die vrijkomt bij het stollen van gesteente.

3.Natuurlijke radioactiviteit

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