TABLE OF CONTENTS - Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers © 2023 Ce...

Instructor Manual: Afyouni, Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach In C, ISBN 9780357506134,

Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers

1 © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copiedor duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Instructor Manual

Afyouni, Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach In C, ISBN

9780357506134, Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter .......................................................................... 2 List of Student Downloads .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.Chapter Objectives ............................................................................................................. 2 What's New in This Chapter ............................................................................................... 2 Chapter Outline ................................................................................................................... 3 Additional Resources ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.Cengage Video Resources .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.External Videos or Playlist ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.Internet Resources ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.Primary Sources..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.Cengage Audio Resources .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.External Audio Resources .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.List of Transcripts for Audio Assignments ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.Program files solutions download link at the end of this file. 1 / 4

Instructor Manual: Afyouni, Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach In C, ISBN 9780357506134,

Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers

2 © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER

The purpose of this chapter is to give students an overview of computer systems.First, basic computer system concepts are introduced, including a review of hardware and software. Next, we look at the different computing environments and their components. The different classifications of computer languages are also reviewed.Finally, we take a closer look at the steps in the development of a computer program, concluding with program testing.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:

1.1 Describe basic computer system concepts.

1.2 Identify the different computing environments and their components.

1.3 List and describe the classifications of computer languages.

1.4 Identify the steps in the development of a computer program.

1.5 Describe the system development life cycle (SDLC).

WHAT'S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER

The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition: • The evolution of computer languages • Computing environments, specifically cloud computing • Waterfall and Agile system development life cycles • Updated end-of-chapter review questions, exercises, problems, and projects [return to top] 2 / 4

Instructor Manual: Afyouni, Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach In C, ISBN 9780357506134,

Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers

3 © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

CHAPTER OUTLINE

In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CH.##” refers to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter (provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for this chapter. Review learning objectives for Chapter 1 (PPT Slide 3).

• Computer Systems (01.01, PPT Slides 5-11)
• Computer systems are found everywhere. They are an essential part of

daily life, facilitating interactions with family and friends, governments, and small and large businesses. A computer is a system made of two major

components: hardware and software. The computer hardware is the

physical equipment. The software is the collection of programs (instructions) that allow the hardware to do a specific job.

b. The hardware component of a computer system consists of five parts:

input devices, central processing unit (CPU), primary storage, output devices, and secondary storage devices such as internal and external hard drives, USB (Universal Serial Bus) devices, and external backup tapes.

c. Computer software is divided into two broad categories: system software

and application software. System software manages the computer resources. Application software, on the other hand, is directly responsible for helping users solve their problems.

• System software consists of programs that manage a computer’s hardware

resources and perform information-processing tasks. These programs are

divided into three classes: the operating system, system support, and

system development.

e. Application software is divided into two classes: general-purpose software

and application-specific software. The first, general-purpose software, is purchased from a software developer and can be used for more than one application. The second type, application-specific software, can be used only for its intended purpose.II. Computing Environments (01.02, PPT Slides 13-22) 3 / 4

Instructor Manual: Afyouni, Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach In C, ISBN 9780357506134,

Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers

4 © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

• In the early days of computers, there was only one environment, the

mainframe computer hidden in a central computing department . With the advent of minicomputers and personal computers, the environment changed, with computers on virtually every desktop.

• In 1971, Marcian E. Hoff, working for Intel, combined the basic elements of

the central processing unit into the microprocessor. This first computer on a chip was the Intel 4004 and was the grandparent many times removed of the chips now used in computers around the world. The rapid development of computer chips ultimately led to the transition from large mainframe computers to a smaller, self-contained device known as a personal computer in the 1970s.

• The term PC (short for “personal computer”) is now used to refer primarily

to computers that run Microsoft operating systems. The second type of personal computer is those manufactured exclusively by Apple. The early versions of these computers were designed to sit on a desktop. Now, personal computing devices take several forms, including smart phones, tablets, laptops, desktop setups with monitors and towers, and all-in-one desktop computers, which combine the CPU and the monitor into one device.

• In the time-sharing environment, many users are connected to one or more

computers. These computers may be minicomputers (nowadays known as servers) or central mainframes. All computing must be done by the central computer.

• A client/server computing environment splits the computing function

between a central computer and users’ computers. In the client/server environment, the users’ workstations are called the clients. The central computer, which may be a powerful computer, minicomputer, or central mainframe system, is known as the server.

• Distributed computing is a large network of servers and clients scattered

geographically to provide a seamless integration of computing functions. All resources are pooled together to provide high processing power for applications. This environment provides a reliable, scalable, and highly available network.

• In a cloud computing environment, servers and storage devices are spread

out across multiple geographic areas and connected via the Internet. Cloud computing environments provide services such as Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).III. Computer Languages (01.03, PPT Slides 24-28)

• To write a program for a computer, we must use a computer language. Over

the years computer languages have evolved from machine languages to natural languages. In the earliest days of computers, the only programming

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