Test Bank for A History of

Test Bank for A History of World Societies (Combined Volume 1 +2) 12 th Edition By Wiesner- Hanks, Patricia Ebrey, Beck, Davila, Crowston, McKay (All Chapters Arranged 1-33, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade) All Chapters Arranged

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Chapter 33 Short Answer 1.What successes has the United States had in its post–Cold War foreign policy in the Middle East? What failures has it had in the region?

ANSWER

Answer would ideally include the following. The United States has been

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successful in militarily removing regimes its leaders have deemed unfriendly to U.S. interests, especially in Iraq and Afghanistan. It has also been successful in limiting nuclear proliferation in Iran through negotiations. Its failure has been in state-building, leading to a power vacuum in which new oppositional groups like ISIS have emerged.

• Why did British prime minister David Cameron call for a public referendum in 2016 over British

participation in the European Union (EU), and why did the outcome turn out as it did?

ANSWER

Answer would ideally include the following. Cameron called the 2016 public

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referendum to defuse pressure on his Conservative Party, which was divided on the question of the country's participation in the EU. He hoped that a clear public mandate to remain would emerge to help him move beyond the question. Instead, voters chose, by a small margin, to leave the EU, primarily in response to migration policy. The ballot question ("Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?") simplified complex issues to a yes-or-no answer.

3.How has the U.S. struggle against al-Qaeda progressed, and how has it affected other nations?

ANSWER

Answer would ideally include the following. After the September 11, 2001,

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attacks, the United States demanded that the Taliban in Afghanistan surrender the al-Qaeda leadership. A military coalition that included NATO members, Russia, Pakistan, and Afghanistan rebels coordinated an attack against the Taliban and al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and elsewhere. The Afghan government was replaced, and the coalition continued the conflict against the Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Other groups affiliated with al-Qaeda, especially in the Middle East and Africa, continued attacks on Western targets (notably in Madrid and London), and the United States decimated al-Qaeda and affiliated groups around the world. In 2011, the United States found bin Laden's hideout in Pakistan and killed him. The 2003 invasion of Iraq was a controversial attempt to reorder the Middle East and respond to concerns about al-Qaeda, weapons of mass destruction, and the problem (as President Bush saw it) of Iraq as an international pariah. Support for the invasion came from Britain and other states willing to cooperate with the United States, but there was much concern in the United Nations and around the world about the invasion, as most believed Iraq did not intend to attack the United States or its neighbors.The United States and its allies achieved an easy military victory, but filling the resulting power vacuums caused by the invasion in Iraq and the Middle East proved very challenging, leading to a prolonged insurgency and mass casualties in Iraq before President Obama arranged a withdrawal in 2011. Iraq and other places in the Middle East continue to be places where militant groups loosely affiliated with al-Qaeda proliferate.

• The postindependence era has seen the emergence of gigantic cities in the developing world. Why?

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Chapter 33 Short Answer

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Answer would ideally include the following. The general growth of populations in developing nations has contributed to larger cities. Much of urban growth, however, is due to rural migration. A combination of the green revolution (which makes agriculture more effective and less dependent on laborers) and an increasing number of manufacturing jobs in urban centers has encouraged people to move to cities. Megacities have been proliferating and will increase even more in the future.

5.What evidence suggests that global interdependence is now a part of world affairs? Do you think these relationships will make wars more or less likely, and why?

ANSWER

Answer would ideally include the following. Multinational corporations,

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urbanization, the movement of private investments and national investments from one country to another, the continued economic involvement of Western powers in non-Western countries, and international agencies such as OPEC, which are intended to create international agreements about the use and sale of resources, are all evidence of how interconnected the world is. Migration also demonstrates the global nature of not only capital, but also labor markets.Answers to the second question may vary.

6.What are the greatest environmental challenges facing the world? Are these environmental problems concentrated in certain regions of the world? If so, where?

ANSWER

Answer would ideally include the following. Environmental problems include

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chemical waste, depletion of natural resources (particularly energy supplies), deforestation, environmental degradation and pollution, and endangered species. Although some problems are more pronounced in some areas, scientists and policymakers have realized that the environment does not have boundaries, and problems in one area are problems for all. Currently, the most pressing problem is climate change.

7.What migration patterns emerged in Africa, Asia, and Latin America after 1945?

ANSWER

Answer would ideally include the following. In Africa, Asia, and Latin

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America, traditional family patterns were affected by large-scale urban migration. In Africa and Asia, the majority of migrants to cities were young men, many of whom first moved to the cities temporarily and married or sent for their wives and children only after they had secured a foothold. Rural women who remained in the villages found themselves heads of households as a result, and they became self-reliant and independent. In Latin America, single women were just as likely to move to cities as single men; women were in demand in cities as domestic servants, and many left to escape male-dominated villages, where they faced narrow social and economic opportunities. Whole families in Latin America also tended to migrate to cities together, instead of in stages, and were more likely to relocate permanently.

8.What were some of the notable successes of the twentieth-century medical revolution? What challenges remain?.Page 2 3 / 4

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Chapter 33 Short Answer

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Answer would ideally include the following. Understanding of germ theory and other causes of disease led to important advances, and vaccines were developed for polio, measles, mumps, chicken pox, and hepatitis B. Better- trained health personnel around the world, especially in poorer places, has saved many lives, and life expectancies are increasing. Some curable diseases like malaria and tuberculosis still kill too many people, and HIV/AIDS, despite the development of better forms of treatment, is widespread in Africa, as drugs designed to treat HIV are sometimes unavailable to the poor.

• What led to the communication revolution?

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Answer would ideally include the following. The convergence over the last century of computing and communication technologies has changed the world.Government-supported radio and television did much to promote political change and to develop these technologies in the twentieth century, and later the widespread use of cell phones and the Internet made communication and information much more widely and rapidly available. The Internet in particular has opened up seemingly infinite possibilities for global access to information and knowledge.

• What is the digital divide, and how does it reflect contemporary global realities?

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Answer would ideally include the following. The successful spread of Internet access, computing, and cell phones means that those who cannot afford access are at a disadvantage. There is uneven production and consumption of computer technology, reflecting class and national inequalities. The divide is related to both class and geography.Page 3.

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