THE ORGANIZATION AND MISSION OF POLICING IN THE UNITED

Chapter 1

THE ORGANIZATION AND MISSION OF POLICING IN THE UNITED

STATES

Chapter 1 Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, students will know •How law enforcement agencies were traditionally organized •What line and staff personnel are •What advantages and disadvantages are associated with specialization •What the chain of command does •What type of organization law enforcement managers should recognize •What the emerging law enforcement organization looks like •What five broad strategic or organizational approaches currently operate in contemporary policing •What community policing is •How traditional and community policing differ •What the two critical key elements of community policing are •If the core functions of policing change when community policing is implemented •What problem solving requires of the police •What the four principles of CompStat are •What the 3-I model of intelligence-led policing illustrates •Who may be important partners in evidence-based policing •What role failure plays in evidence-based policing Chapter 1 Outline Introduction Early Influences on U.S. Enforcement Organization The Formal Organization Mission Statements, Guiding Philosophies, and Values Typical Divisions in Law Enforcement Agencies

Division of Labor: Generalists and Specialists

The Hierarchy of Authority The Informal Organization The Emerging Law Enforcement Organization Change Revisited Management and Supervision in Law Enforcement, 7e Kären Matison Hess, Christine Hess Orthmann, Shaun LaDue (Instructor Manual, All Chapters. 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade) 1 / 4

Post–9/11 Policing Community Policing Traditional and Community Policing Compared Partnerships A Change in Core Functions?Problem-Solving Policing CompStat Policing Intelligence-Led Policing Ethical Considerations in Intelligence-Led Policing Guarding against Noble Cause Corruption Intelligence-Led Policing in Action The 3-I Model Evidence-Based Policing Partnering with Colleges or Universities Reporting Failure Predictive Policing The Impact of Contemporary Policing Approaches on the New Supervisor or Manager Summary Chapter 1 Summary The traditional organizational design is that of a pyramid-shaped hierarchy based on a military model. A mission statement is a clearly written explanation of why an organization exists and is the driving force for that organization, providing a focus for its energy and resources.Field services, also called field operations, use line personnel to directly help accomplish the goals of the department. Administrative services use staff personnel to support the line organization.Specialization can enhance an agency’s effectiveness and efficiency, but overspecialization can impede the organizational purpose. The chain of command establishes definite lines of authority and channels of communication. The emerging law enforcement agency has a flattened organization, is decentralized and empowers its employees.Five broad strategic or organizational approaches currently operating in contemporary policing are community policing, problem-oriented policing, CompStat policing, intelligence-led policing and evidence-based policing.Community policing is a philosophy that promotes “organization strategies, which supports the systematic use of partnership and problem solving techniques to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues, such as crime, social disorder and fear of crime.” Traditional policing is reactive, focusing on fighting crime and measuring effectiveness by arrest rates. A tenet of traditional policing is that crime is a police problem. In contrast, community policing is proactive, focusing on community problems and measuring effectiveness on the absence of crime and disorder.A tenet of community policing holds that crime is everyone’s problem. Two critical elements of community policing are partnerships and problem solving. In most departments implementing community policing the core functions remain, with the difference being that police no longer seek to accomplish these functions alone. 2 / 4

Problem-solving policing requires police to group incidents as a way to identify underlying causes of problems in the community. The four principles of CompStat involve accurate, timely intelligence; effective tactics; rapid deployment; and relentless follow-up. The 3-I model of intelligence-led policing consists of interpreting the criminal environment; influencing decision makers, and impacting the criminal environment.Students or staff at local or regional colleges or universities may be valuable partners in agencies wanting to participate in evidence-based policing. Evidence-based policing must report successes and failures to reach its full potential.All of the previous and current approaches of policing have created an abundance of crime data. All of this data is currently being used to predict where future crime may occur. This approach is aptly called predictive policing.

Chapter 1 Key Terms broken-window theory suggests that if it appears “no one cares,” disorder and crime will thrive.chain of command the order of authority; begins at the top of the pyramid and flows down to the base.channels of communication the official paths through which orders flow from management to personnel who carry out the orders; usually follow the chain of command.community policing decentralized model of policing in which individual officers exercise their own initiatives and citizens become actively involved in making their neighborhoods safer; this proactive approach usually includes increased emphasis on foot patrol.CompStat policing a method of management accountability and a philosophy of crime control.decentralization encourages flattening of the organization and places decision- making authority and autonomy at the level where information is plentiful; in police organizations, this is usually at the level of the patrol officer.evidence-based policing a methodological approach that uses empirically derived evidence—what has been shown, through scientific research, to be effective—and applies it to real-world policing.field services directly help accomplish the goals of the department using line personnel; main division is uniformed patrol; also includes investigations, narcotics, vice, juvenile and the like.flat organization one with fewer lieutenants and captains, fewer staff departments, fewer staff assistants, more sergeants, and more patrol officers.

8 3 / 4

fusion center an entity that pools the resources and personnel of multiple agencies into one central location to facilitate information sharing and intelligence development regarding criminal activities.guiding philosophy the organization’s mission statement and the basic values to be honored by the organization.hierarchy a group of people organized or classified by rank and authority. In law enforcement, typically pyramid shaped with a single “authority” at the top expanding down and out through the ranks to the broad base of “workers.” incident an isolated event that requires a police response.incivilities signs of disorder.integrated patrol the end goal resulting from the combination of the two elements of community policing and aggressive enforcement.intelligence-led policing a methodical approach to prevent, detect and disrupt crime, including terrorist activities; uses early detection of crime trends to allow police to be proactive in preventing continued crime.line personnel those who actually perform most of the tasks outlined in the work plan.mission the reason an organization exists.mission statement a clearly written explanation of why an organization exists; the driving force for that organization, providing a focus for its energy and resources.paradigm a model, theory or frame of reference.paradigm shift a dramatic change in how some basic structure is viewed.proactive recognizing problems and seeking the underlying cause(s) of the problems.problem-solving policing management ascertains what problems exist and tries to solve them, redefining the role of law enforcement from incident driven and reactive to problem oriented and proactive.pyramid of authority the shape of the typical law enforcement hierarchy, with the chief at the peak and having full authority, down through managers (captains and lieutenants) and supervisors (sergeants), to those who accomplish most of the tasks (officers).reactive simply responding to calls for service.social capital a concept to describe the level or degree of social structure within a community and the extent to which individuals within the community feel bonded to each other. Exists at two levels (local and public) and can be measured by trustworthiness, or citizens’ trust of each other and their public institutions, and by obligations, or the expectation that service to each other will be reciprocated.span of control how many people one individual manages or supervises.staff personnel those who support line personnel.

• / 4