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Acids and Bases

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Module: Foundations

Activity: Animations

Title: Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

• Explain what makes a solution acidic.

hydrogen ion – When the concentration of hydrogen ions is greater than the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution. The greater the number of hydrogen ions in a solution, the greater the acidity of the solution.

• Explain what makes a solution basic or alkaline.

hydroxide ion – When the concentration of hydroxide ions is greater than the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. The greater the number of hydroxide ions (OH) in a solution, the greater the alkalinity of the solution.

The pH Scale

• Explain the pH scale. A measurement of a solution’s acidity and alkalinity based on the

logarithmic concentration of hydrogen ions. The scale ranges from 0 to 14.acidic range - 0 – 6.9 neutral – 7.0 alkaline range – 7.1 - 14

• Describe the pH range of body fluids as examined by the CD. 7.35-7.45

Strong Acids

• What are the functions of hydrochloric acid (a strong acid) in the body?

HCl is used to counteract the action of strong bases in the body. When combined with a strong base, water and salts are formed.-

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Weak Acids

• What is the function of carbonic acid (a weak acid) in the body?

Carbonic acid is converted to hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions, both of which can serve as a buffering system.

Buffers

• Describe a system buffered with carbonic acid.

The respiratory system is buffered with carbonic acid by forming bicarbonate which balances a change in pH at the cellular level.

• Describe the protective value of buffers. These convert strong acids or strong bases into weak acids and weak

bases.

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Antibody Mediated Immunity

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Module: Disease Resistance

Activity: Animations

Title: Antibody Mediated Immunity

Introduction

• Explain B-cell (B-lymphocyte) role with antibody-mediated immunity.

They are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity. The B-cell differentiates into antibody secreting plasma cells.

• Describe the role of lymph nodes and spleen in this process.

The spleen and the lymph nodes are places where B-cells are activated to give rise to antibody producing cells following exposure to antigens ,

B Cell Activation, Proliferation and Differentiation

• Describe the importance of the immunoglobulin receptors on the surface

of B-cells.Each B cell has a unique receptor similar to antibodies released from the B cell’s daughter plasma cell. Genetic recombination is able to produce millions of different variations of receptors. Each B cell receptor binds to a specific unprocessed antigen.

• Why are millions of different receptor shapes essential to their function?

The varied numbers of receptor shapes are essential to their function in order to accommodate the varied number and structure of antigens.

• Contrast B-cell and T-cell activity.

During activation of the B cell, an antigen binds to B-cell receptors. The interaction increases their response when they process the antigen. The antigen is taken into the B-cell and broken open into peptide fragments and combine with MHC-II self antigen, and displayed on the B call plasma membrane. Helper T cells recognize the MHC-II antigen complex and deliver the costimulation activity needed for B cell proliferation.

• Describe B-cell and T-cell interaction.

The helper T cells produce interleukin-2 and other cytokines that function as costimulators of B cells.Interleukin-4 and Interleukn-6 also produce helper T-cells, enhance B cell proliferation, B cell differentiation into plasma cells and the secretion of antibodies by plasma cells.

• Describe the process that results in an activated B-cell.

antigen digestion - mechanism used by the B cell to process the antigen.

self identification – the B cell is able to determine and recognize the differences between MHC-I and MHC-II antigen complexes.

exocytosis – process of secreting components from the cell – antibodies from plasma cells.

Helper T-cells - . Helper T cells recognize the MHC-II antigen complex and deliver the costimulation

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