WCU PHYS 261 FINAL EXAM -

WCU PHYS 261 FINAL EXAM -

LATEST VERSIONS A AND B EACH VERSION CONTAINS 100

QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH

RATIONALES|AGRADE

VERSION A

What is acidosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their meanings? - ANSWER- -pH is acidic

-metabolic: imbalance between acid and base due to excess acid in the

body or not enough base in the body

-respiratory: imbalance between acid and base due to excess CO2 in the

body

What is alkalosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their meanings? - ANSWER- -pH is alkaline(basic)

-metabolic: imbalance between acid and base due to excess base in body

or not enough acid in body respiratory: imbalance between acid and

base due to not enough CO2 in body

What are the 2 compensations for the 2 types of acidosis? - ANSWER-

metabolic(compensation done by the respiratory system):

hyperventilation- releasing CO2 because CO2 is an acid, and releasing it will increase the pH respiratory(compensation done by the metabolic

system): kidney will increase reabsorption of HCO3-, and because

HCO3- is basic, it increases the pH

What are the 2 compensations for the 2 types of alkalosis? - ANSWER-

metabolic(compensation done by the respiratory system):

hypoventilation- retaining CO2 because CO2 is an acid, and retaining it will decrease the pH respiratory(compensation done by the metabolic

system): kidneys will increase secretion of HCO3-, and because

HCO3- is basic, it decreases the pH

What are the functions of blood? - ANSWER- -transportation of nutrients and hormones -regulation of water and pH -defense against infections and blood loss

What is blood composed of? - ANSWER- fluid plasma and blood cells(RBCs, WBCs, and platelets)

What is plasma composed of? - ANSWER- Water, hormones, ions, molecules, and proteins

What are the plasma proteins and their functions/characteristics? -

ANSWER- albumin: 2/3 of the plasma proteins, produced by liver,

creates and maintains oncotic pressure globulins: 3 types- alpha, beta,

and gamma, make up immunoglobulins clotting proteins: 12 different

types, produced by liver

What is erythropoiesis and its characteristics? - ANSWER- -the process of RBC production -produced by bone marrow from stem cells, production is controlled by erythropoietin(released by kidneys)

What are the functions of hemoglobin and its structure? - ANSWER- -to transport O2 in blood -4 chains with 1 heme group each that contains iron that binds oxygen

What is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? - ANSWER- factors that influence oxygen-hemoglobin binding and release

What are the characteristics of Right Shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? - ANSWER- -hemoglobin has a low affinity to O2, so oxygen is released to tissues -pH is down, DPG is up, and temp is up

What are the characteristics of Left Shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? - ANSWER- -hemoglobin has a high affinity to oxygen, so it doesn't release O2 to the tissues -pH is up, DPG is down, and temp is down

What is hematocrit and its normal values for males and females? - ANSWER- -the oxygen carrying capacity of blood

-average male percentage range: 43-49%

-average female percentage range: 37-43%

What is the function of iron in blood, the 2 proteins associated with it, and their functions? - ANSWER- -iron binds oxygen, and it is

transported in hemoglobin in RBCs -transferrin: transports iron along

the body

-ferritin: stores iron along the body

What are the characteristics of RBCs? - ANSWER- -around 120 day lifespan

-shape: biconcave disc

-destroyed in the spleen by macrophages(WBCs)

When RBCs are destroyed in the spleen, what is released? - ANSWER- chains of amino acids, iron, and heme that gets broken down into bilirubin

What is hemostasis? - ANSWER- the process in which our body stops bleeding

What are the 2 types of hemostasis? - ANSWER- -platelet

plug(primary): for minor injuries

-clot formation(secondary): for severe injuries, used along with platelet

plug

What are the 3 steps in primary hemostasis? - ANSWER- -vessel injury For inspiration, is the intrapulmonary pressure higher or lower than the atmospheric pressure?lower

How does the immune system distinguish "self" from "non-self"?it uses antigens, molecules that are specific to that cell, and recognizes that it is part of self

In which direction does air flow due to pressure differences?from a high area to a low area

What are cytokines?chemicals released by the WBCs that affect growth and activity of other WBCs