WGU Anatomy and Physiology

WGU Anatomy and Physiology 1

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510 terms joannalg5232Preview WGU D312 A&P 1 17 terms Academic518Preview WGU - D313 - Anatomy & Physiolog...67 terms Jennifer_Montelongo6 Preview Pre Ass 70 terms tjliz Transverse planeHorizontal plane that divides the body into the top and bottom Coronal planeVertical plane that divides the body into front and back sections Sagittal planePlane that divides the body into left and right sections CephalicToward the head -same as superior for a human CaudalToward the tail -same as inferior for a human DorsalToward the back - same as posterior for a human VentralToward the belly -same as anterior for a human SuperiorAbove or toward the head InferiorBelow or toward the feet DistalFarther from the trunk or origin ProximalCloser to the trunk or origin SuperficialToward or on the surface

Deep or internalAway from the surface Anterior or ventralToward the front or toward the belly Posterior or dorsalToward the rear or toward the back MedialToward the midline LateralToward the side CephalicHead OrbitalEye NasalNose BuccalCheek OralMouth CervicalNeck BrachialArm CarpalWrist ManualHand DigitalFinger or toe CruralLegs CoxalHip FemoralUpper leg PedalFeet ThoracicBelow the neck and above the abdomen AbdominalBetween the chest and the pelvis PelvicAround the pelvis InguinalGroin DorsalBack

VertebralAlong center line of back LumbarLower back SacralBase of the spine Dorsal regionRegion of the body along the back. 2 major cavities - the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal (spinal cavity) Cranial cavityContains the brain and is enclosed by the skull Vertebral canalContains the spinal cord and is enclosed by the bones that compose the spinal column also known as the spinal cavity Ventral cavitiesLocated in the front of the body and contain most of the internal organs. 3 major cavities - thoracic, abdominal and pelvic.Thoracic cavityContains the lungs and heart and is enclosed by the rib cage. The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm Abdominal cavityContains most of the digestive organs - stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines - and some of the urinary structures - the kidney and the ureters. The upper boundary is the diaphragm and the lower boundary is the brim of the pelvis (landmark of the pelvis bones) Pelvic cavityContains the bladder, anus and reproductive organs and is enclosed by the pelvis Abdominopelvic cavitySince there is no anatomical division between the 2 cavities they are occasionally referred to as 1 region HomeostasisThe dynamic physiological process that helps people maintain an internal environment suitable for normal function Feedback loopA system used to control the level of a variable in which there is an identifiable receptor (sensor) control center (integrator or comparator) effectors, and methods of communication VariablesParameters that are monitored and controlled or affected by the feedback system Receptors or sensorsDetect changes in the variable

Control centers or integratorsCompare the variable in relation to a set point and signal the effectors to generate a response. These centers sometimes consider info other than just the level of variable in decision making, such as time of day, age, external conditions, etc.EffectorsExecute the necessary changes to adjust the variable Methods of communicationComponents of the feedback loop that are necessary in order for it to function.This often occurs through nerves or hormones. In some cases the receptors and control centers are the same structures so there is no need for these signaling modes in that part of the loop Feedback cycleAny situation in which a variable is regulated and the level of the variable impacts the direction in which the variable changes (i.e. increases or decreases) even if there is not clearly identified loop components StimulusChange in the environment Set pointIdeal level of homeostasis Positive feedback loopChange in a given direction causes additional change in the same direction. An example is contractions during labor which amplify over time until the birth.Negative feedback loopChange in a given direction causes change in the opposite direction. An example is the way our body helps maintain normal body temperature.Pituitary glandControls the release of hormones from many other endocrine glands Parathyroid hormoneSecreted by the parathyroid gland when blood calcium is low. The hormone causes effector organs I.e. kidney and bones to respond. The kidneys prevent calcium from being excreted in the urine. Osteoclasts in bones break down bone tissue and release calcium.Organ systemIntegrated collection of organs in the body that work together to perform a function. Organ systems contribute to at least 1 of 4 vital functions of life.Four vital functions of life1) exchange with the environment 2) transport fluid and materials throughout the body 3) provide structure, support, protection and movement 4) regulate and control processes Exchange with environmentTo sustain life, body must take in oxygen and nutrients and release carbon dioxide and other wastes into the environment. The respiratory and digestive systems are the primary organ systems that provide these exchange functions.Fluid transportDistributes oxygen and nutrients to cells. It is the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems (made up of vessels) that provide this delivery. Urinary system also helps regulate the level of fluids in other systems as well as removes waste (also plays a role in exchange with environment)